{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "Chapter", "metadata": { "generated": "2026-11-01T13:37:55Z", "language": "en", "book": "2-kings-woh", "chapter": 1 }, "data": { "n": 1, "bookSlug": "2-kings-woh", "bookCode": "2KI-WOH", "refId": "", "title": "2 Kings 1 — Achazyahu (Ahaziah), Ba'al-Zevuv and the captains of fifty", "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Hebrew Masoretic text (Westminster Leningrad Codex base, Public Domain) — Tanach with Ta'amei Hamikra","sourceLicense":"Public Domain","sourceUrl":"https://www.sefaria.org/api/v3/texts/II_Kings.1","sourceAccessedVia":"Sefaria v3 API","glossaryVersion":"2.78.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.0.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-5-5 (translator)","claude-opus-5-5 (editor)"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-11-01T11:30:00Z","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-5-5 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-11-01T10:28:10Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:1","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"wayyip̄šaʿ môʾāḇ bəyiśrāʾēl ʾaḥărê môṯ ʾaḥʾāḇ. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:2","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc.","Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan (2000)","LXX 4 Kgdms 1:2 (Baal muian theon)"],"reasoning":"bəʿaḏ haśśəḇāḵâ 'through the lattice'; diršû bəḇaʿal zəḇûḇ ʾĕlōhê ʿeqrôn: the MT name is kept, the zbl hypothesis is in commentary, and lower-case 'elohim' is used for the non-YHWH referent. ʾăḥazyâ normalized to Achazyahu and noted. Defensible."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:3","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc."],"reasoning":"ûmalʾaḵ YHWH dibber ʾel-ʾēliyyâ; hămibbəlî ʾên-ʾĕlōhîm bəyiśrāʾēl: the anarthrous capital 'Elohim' against 'the elohim of Eqron' keeps the refrain's contrast. 'messenger' per central entry. Approved."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:4","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"hammiṭṭâ ʾăšer-ʿālîṯā šām lōʾ-ṯēreḏ mimmennâ kî môṯ tāmûṯ. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:5","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"mah-zzeh šaḇtem 'Why is it that you have returned?'. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:6","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Nested quotation rendered with correct quotation levels; refrain as v 3. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:7","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"meh mišpaṭ hāʾîš 'What was the manner of the man'. Literal and acceptable."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:8","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"ʾîš baʿal śēʿār wəʾēzôr ʿôr ʾāzûr bəmāṯnāyw: 'A hairy man' with the garment reading in commentary. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:9","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. ʾîš"],"reasoning":"Articular ʾîš hāʾĕlōhîm 'Man of the Elohim'; the vocative is unmarked without ASV's 'O'. hammeleḵ dibber rēḏâ. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:10","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc.","HALOT s.v. šāmayim","JOB-WOH-1:16 corpus precedent ('fire of Elohim fell from the skies')"],"reasoning":"Anarthrous wəʾim-ʾîš ʾĕlōhîm ʾānî 'a man of Elohim'; tērēḏ ʾēš min-haššāmayim. 'from the skies' for the origin of the fire matches the corpus's closest parallel (Job 1:16) and is a normal lexical sense. Approved."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:11","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"mahērâ rēḏâ 'Come down quickly'; articular title. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:12","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc.","The Book Which Tells the Truth (TBWTT) ch. 3 (text verified in data-library/the-book-which-tells-the-truth/chapter-3.json)"],"reasoning":"Articular ʾîš hāʾĕlōhîm in Eliyahu's reply here (vs. anarthrous in v 10), followed faithfully; wattērēḏ ʾēš-ʾĕlōhîm 'fire of Elohim came down' keeps the anarthrous construct and the verb yrd. Reception note matches TBWTT ch. 3 and is labelled."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:13","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc.","Burney 1903 / Montgomery & Gehman (ICC) ad loc. on šəlišîm"],"reasoning":"śar-ḥămiššîm šəlišîm 'the captain of a third fifty' (ASV construal of the odd plural); wayyiḵraʿ ʿal-birkāyw 'knelt on his knees'; tîqar-nāʾ napšî 'let my life ... be precious'. Approved."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:14","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"hinnēh yārəḏâ ʾēš min-haššāmayim ... wəʿattâ tîqar napšî. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:15","status":"approve","citations":["The Book Which Tells the Truth (TBWTT) ch. 3 (text verified in data-library/the-book-which-tells-the-truth/chapter-3.json)"],"reasoning":"rēḏ ʾôṯô ʾal-tîrāʾ mippānāyw. Exact. TBWTT ch. 3 quotation verified."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:16","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"yaʿan ʾăšer-šālaḥtā ... hămibbəlî ʾên-ʾĕlōhîm bəyiśrāʾēl lidrōš biḏḇārô: the embedded question is correctly set off with dashes. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:17","status":"approve","citations":["Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (1983)","Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc."],"reasoning":"Mid-verse pisqa verified in the source. 'reigned in his place ... because he had no son'; the chronological conflict with 3:1 is handled in commentary. Exact."},{"refId":"2KI-WOH-1:18","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Regnal formula; ʾăḥazyāhû long form. Exact."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"hebrew-proper-name-transliteration-convention-kings","status":"flag-for-human","citations":["Cogan, I Kings (AB 10; 2001), ad loc.","genesis-woh / exodus-woh name practice (Avraham, Ya'aqov, Beit-El; Yisra'el, Aharon) vs isaiah-woh / ezekiel-woh / daniel-woh English forms (checked in the data)"],"reasoning":"The rendering is philologically sound: forms are transliterated, short and long MT forms are normalized with a note, and the equivalence table is complete. claim_type direct is right for a presentation convention with no interpretive content. It is flagged only because it is the open founder decision A. Reviewer recommendation: retain transliteration, which continues the Torah-narrative volumes and keeps the 'my El is Yah' / 18:39 wordplay visible; add the English form to each chapter title (e.g. 'Eliyahu (Elijah) ...') for discoverability."},{"glossary_id":"elohim-referent-and-article-conventions-kings","status":"revise","citations":["BDB s.v. ʾĕlōhîm","1 Sam 3:17; 14:44; 2 Sam 3:9 (MT)","Cogan, I Kings (AB 10; 2001), ad loc."],"reasoning":"Direct is defensible: case is a declared editorial device, the article and number follow the Hebrew, and the Ex 20:3 precedent exists. One factual fix: the rationale cites Ruth 1:17 as the 'same oath in Israelite mouths' with singular verbs, but Ruth is a Moabite and the subject there is YHWH, not ʾĕlōhîm. Replace it with 1 Sam 3:17; 14:44; 2 Sam 3:9 (kōh yaʿăśeh ʾĕlōhîm, singular), keep 1 Kgs 2:23, and make the same fix in the 1KI-WOH-19:2 commentary. Fix both overlays together."},{"glossary_id":"ish-ha-elohim-man-of-the-elohim-prophetic-title-kings","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. ʾîš","Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc."],"reasoning":"Articles re-checked in the source: articular at 1 Kgs 17:18 and 2 Kgs 1:9, 11, 12, 13; anarthrous at 1 Kgs 17:24 and 2 Kgs 1:10. The rendering follows them exactly, and the ʾîš/ʾēš play noted for 2 Kgs 1 is standard. Direct confirmed."},{"glossary_id":"nefesh-scope-and-spelling-kings","status":"approve","citations":["HALOT s.v. nepeš","Wolff, Anthropology of the Old Testament (1974)"],"reasoning":"Scope is correct: the word is transliterated only where nepeš names the returning life (17:21-22) and rendered idiomatically in fixed idioms. 'as you yourself live' for ḥê-napšəḵā is accurate (cf. NJPS). The spelling unification depends on the central tzet-nephesh op shipping together with the GEN-WOH-35:18 respelling."},{"glossary_id":"mt-baseline-at-versional-cruxes-and-versification-kings","status":"revise","citations":["Wickes, Treatise on the Accentuation of the Twenty-One So-called Prose Books (1887)","LXX 4 Kgdms 2:14","Burney, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings (1903)","Cogan, I Kings (AB 10; 2001), ad loc."],"reasoning":"The principle and the 18:33-34 versification note are correct (MT 18:33 ends at 'laid it on the wood'; ASV 18:33 already includes the jar command). Fix the 2 Kgs 2:14 item: it is not a site where the line departs from the Masoretic reading. The etnaḥta on ʾēliyyāhû puts ʾap̄-hûʾ at the head of the second half-verse, so the adopted construal is the Masoretic one, and LXX aphphō is the alternative. Restate as 'MT accentuation followed; LXX aphphō in commentary'."},{"glossary_id":"habbaal-baal-hebrew-bible-rendering-kings","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan, I Kings (AB 10; 2001), ad loc.","Smith, The Early History of God (2nd ed. 2002)"],"reasoning":"Dropping the English article for habbaʿal follows ASV, NRSV and NJPS, with the Hebrew article recorded; 'the Ba'als' for the plural. Direct confirmed."},{"glossary_id":"baal-zevuv-elohei-eqron-2-kings-1","status":"approve","citations":["Cogan & Tadmor, II Kings (AB 11; 1988), ad loc.","Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan (2000)"],"reasoning":"The MT form is kept and the zbl reconstruction is presented as likely, not certain. The lower-case rule is applied consistently. Direct confirmed."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:version 2.77.0->2.78.0","status":"approve","citations":["data-library glossary scopeNote history (GEN-21:17 malakh-yhwh-messenger 'semver-major correction' shipped as 2.x minor)"],"reasoning":"House practice consistently increments the minor version for appliesTo extensions and labelled corrections, and no wohChoice decision is reversed, so 2.78.0 is right. Strictly applied, the SKILL/editor docs would demand 3.0.0; the docs, not this release, should be brought into line with practice. The only surface-affecting change is the tzet-nephesh respelling, which is acceptable in a minor release provided GEN-WOH-35:18 is respelled in the same release."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:esh-elohim (modify)","status":"approve","citations":["MT 1 Kgs 18:38 (ʾēš-YHWH); 2 Kgs 1:10, 12, 14 (verified in source)"],"reasoning":"The correction is factually right: 18:38 has ʾēš-YHWH, 2 Kgs 1:10, 14 have bare ʾēš, and only 1:12 has ʾēš-ʾĕlōhîm. Scoping the entry to the construct with the verb per site is sound, and no refIds are lost."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:shamayim (modify)","status":"revise","citations":["HALOT s.v. šāmayim","BDB s.v. šāmayim","genesis-woh English lines GEN-WOH-14:19, 22; 15:5; 19:24; 21:17; 22:11, 15, 17; 24:3, 7; 26:4; 28:12, 17 (checked)"],"reasoning":"Dropping 'grammatically dual' is right, though the reviewer did not check the GKC §88d / Joüon-Muraoka §91f locators. The new 'corpus note' is factually wrong. It says genesis-woh applies 'skies' and that exodus-woh's 'heavens' is an unrecorded drift, but genesis-woh renders 'heaven/heavens' at about 13 sites where šāmayim is the divine realm or source (e.g. 19:24 'fire ... out of the heavens', 28:12 'reached to the heavens'). Corpus practice is the context-scaling the entry already allows, not an Exodus-only drift. Rewrite the note accordingly, and decide 2KI-WOH-2:1, 2:11 by founder decision B (reviewer recommends 'heavens' and removing them from appliesTo or adding a scoped sub-rule)."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:al-tira-fear-not-divine-encouragement-formula (appliesTo)","status":"approve","citations":["Source re-check of each added refId"],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only extension, checked against the base: no existing refId lost, no duplicates, and each added Kings refId contains the governed lexeme or formula."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:darash-yhwh-seeking-oracle (appliesTo)","status":"approve","citations":["Source re-check of each added refId"],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only extension, checked against the base: no existing refId lost, no duplicates, and each added Kings refId contains the governed lexeme or formula."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:piska-b-emtza-pasuq-masoretic-paragraph-break (appliesTo)","status":"approve","citations":["Source re-check of each added refId"],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only extension, checked against the base: no existing refId lost, no duplicates, and each added Kings refId contains the governed lexeme or formula."},{"glossary_id":"central-diff:malakh-yhwh-messenger (appliesTo)","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. malʾāḵ"],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only extension, checked: nothing lost; the human-messenger sites (19:2; 2 Kgs 1:2, 5, 16) fit the rationale, which itself cites 1 Kgs 19:2. Non-blocking: the list now holds 1KGS-19:7 / 2KGS-1:3, 15 alongside 1KI-WOH-19:7 / 2KI-WOH-1:3, 15 for the same verses; normalize the refId scheme at the next pass."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[],"lensLeakageCheck":"Checked all 18 lines. 'fire ... from the skies' (1:10, 12, 14) follows the corpus's closest parallel (JOB-WOH-1:16) and is a normal lexical sense. 'messenger' per central entry. The TBWTT 'protection' reading of 1:12, 15 appears only in labelled notes.","escalationReportAdjustments":"Initial verdicts on all verses, overlay entries and central ops were formed from the chapters, source, overlays and diff before opening wave-a-editor-report.md. After reading it, no verdict changed. The report's Founder point B says 'skies' 'matches genesis-woh, job-woh and ezekiel-woh' and holds 'across the corpus'. A corpus check shows genesis-woh uses 'heaven(s)' at about 13 divine-realm sites (e.g. GEN-WOH-19:24, 28:12), which strengthens the reviewer's 'revise' at 2 Kgs 2:1, 11 and on the central shamayim op. The report's confirmation that 1KI-WOH-18:38 depends on applying esh-yhwh-fire-of-yhwh is recorded in that op's reasoning.","founderDecisionRecommendations":{"A-proper-names":"Retain Hebrew transliteration (continuity with genesis-woh/exodus-woh narrative volumes; theophoric wordplay at 1 Kgs 18:39 stays visible; mechanically reversible). Add the English form to chapter titles for discoverability.","B-shamayim-at-2-Kgs-2:1,11":"Render 'to the heavens' at 2 Kgs 2:1, 11 (corpus precedent GEN-WOH-28:12 etc.; central shamayim's numinous-register clause; central human-ascent entry). Keep 'skies' at 1 Kgs 18:45 and 2 Kgs 1:10, 12, 14 (meteorological / Job 1:16 precedent)."},"summary":"18 verdicts: 18 approve. The article alternation of ʾîš (hā)ʾĕlōhîm in 1:9-13, the anarthrous ʾēš-ʾĕlōhîm in 1:12 and the mid-verse pisqa in 1:17 were all verified in the source. Status awaiting-human because of founder decision A and the glossary revisions."}}, "segments": [], "lines": [], "paragraphs": [{ "n": 1, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:1", "text": "And Moab rebelled against Yisra'el after the death of Ach'av." },{ "n": 2, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:2", "text": "And Achazyahu fell through the lattice in his upper chamber that was in Shomron, and he became ill. And he sent messengers and said to them, \"Go, inquire of Ba'al-Zevuv, the elohim of Eqron, whether I shall recover from this sickness.\"" },{ "n": 3, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:3", "text": "But the messenger of YHWH said to Eliyahu the Tishbite, \"Arise, go up to meet the messengers of the king of Shomron, and say to them, 'Is it because there is no Elohim in Yisra'el that you are going to inquire of Ba'al-Zevuv, the elohim of Eqron?'" },{ "n": 4, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:4", "text": "Now therefore thus says YHWH: 'You shall not come down from the bed to which you have gone up, but you shall surely die.'\" And Eliyahu went." },{ "n": 5, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:5", "text": "And the messengers returned to him, and he said to them, \"Why is it that you have returned?\"" },{ "n": 6, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:6", "text": "And they said to him, \"A man came up to meet us and said to us, 'Go, return to the king who sent you, and say to him, \"Thus says YHWH: Is it because there is no Elohim in Yisra'el that you are sending to inquire of Ba'al-Zevuv, the elohim of Eqron? Therefore you shall not come down from the bed to which you have gone up, but you shall surely die.\"'\"" },{ "n": 7, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:7", "text": "And he said to them, \"What was the manner of the man who came up to meet you and spoke these words to you?\"" },{ "n": 8, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:8", "text": "And they said to him, \"A hairy man, with a belt of leather girded about his loins.\" And he said, \"It is Eliyahu the Tishbite.\"" },{ "n": 9, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:9", "text": "Then he sent to him a captain of fifty with his fifty. And he went up to him, and behold, he was sitting on the top of the hill. And he said to him, \"Man of the Elohim, the king has said, 'Come down.'\"" },{ "n": 10, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:10", "text": "And Eliyahu answered and said to the captain of fifty, \"If I am a man of Elohim, let fire come down from the skies and consume you and your fifty.\" And fire came down from the skies and consumed him and his fifty." },{ "n": 11, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:11", "text": "And again he sent to him another captain of fifty with his fifty. And he answered and said to him, \"Man of the Elohim, thus says the king: 'Come down quickly.'\"" },{ "n": 12, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:12", "text": "And Eliyahu answered and said to them, \"If I am a man of the Elohim, let fire come down from the skies and consume you and your fifty.\" And fire of Elohim came down from the skies and consumed him and his fifty." },{ "n": 13, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:13", "text": "And again he sent the captain of a third fifty with his fifty. And the third captain of fifty went up, and came and knelt on his knees before Eliyahu, and pleaded with him and said to him, \"Man of the Elohim, please let my life and the life of these fifty, your servants, be precious in your sight." },{ "n": 14, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:14", "text": "Behold, fire came down from the skies and consumed the two former captains of fifty with their fifties; but now let my life be precious in your sight.\"" },{ "n": 15, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:15", "text": "And the messenger of YHWH said to Eliyahu, \"Go down with him; do not fear him.\" And he arose and went down with him to the king." },{ "n": 16, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:16", "text": "And he said to him, \"Thus says YHWH: 'Because you have sent messengers to inquire of Ba'al-Zevuv, the elohim of Eqron — is it because there is no Elohim in Yisra'el to inquire of his word? — therefore you shall not come down from the bed to which you have gone up, but you shall surely die.'\"" },{ "n": 17, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:17", "text": "So he died according to the word of YHWH which Eliyahu had spoken. And Yehoram reigned in his place, in the second year of Yehoram the son of Yehoshafat, king of Yehudah, because he had no son." },{ "n": 18, "refId": "2KI-WOH-1:18", "text": "Now the rest of the acts of Achazyahu which he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Yisra'el?" } ] }, "links": { "self": "/v1/library/books/2-kings-woh/chapters/1", "book": "/v1/library/books/2-kings-woh/", "chapters": "/v1/library/books/2-kings-woh/chapters/", "library": "/v1/library/", "schema": "/v1/schema/book/" } }