{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "Chapter", "metadata": { "generated": "2026-08-22T14:14:13Z", "language": "en", "book": "acts-woh", "chapter": 2 }, "data": { "n": 2, "bookSlug": "acts-woh", "bookCode": "ACT-WOH", "refId": "", "title": "Pentecost: the tongues of fire descending + Peter's sermon citing Joel 2 the cosmic-signs", "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Koine Greek New Testament — earliest substantial manuscript witnesses (Codex Vaticanus B/03 + Codex Sinaiticus א/01, 4th c. CE); SBLGNT base text; cross-collated against P45 (Chester Beatty I, ~250 CE) and the Western text of Codex Bezae (D/05, 5th c.) for Acts-specific variants.","sourceLicense":"Best-effort reconstruction; SBLGNT base is open-source (SBL/Lexham 2010); critical-text references cited; English original to this project","sourceUrl":"(see source-grc-2.json citations)","sourceAccessedVia":"Best-effort reconstruction via SBLGNT + NA28/UBS5 critical apparatus + Metzger UBS Textual Commentary 1994 ad loc. + Barrett ICC + Fitzmyer AB + Pervo Hermeneia + Bock BECNT + Keener Acts megaproject + Boismard-Lamouille Western edition for Bezae variants","verificationStatus":"best-effort reconstruction; verification pending against Vaticanus + Sinaiticus + Bezae + P45 original codicology + the NA28/UBS5/SBLGNT critical apparatus","glossaryVersion":"2.64.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.1.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7 (translator)","claude-opus-4-7 (editor)","claude-opus-4-7 (reviewer)"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-06-04T18:30:00Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:1","status":"approve","citations":["Barrett ICC Acts 1.108-160","Pervo Hermeneia Acts 2009 ad loc.","Witherington Acts 1998 ad loc.","Keener Acts 1.800-1042","Jubilees 6:17-22 on Shavuot covenant-renewal"],"reasoning":"Pentecost timing correctly contextualized within Jewish festival of Shavuot and its rabbinic-tradition Sinai-typological linkage. Cross-corpus to Ex 19 + Num 11 documented; bidirectional wire to existing Sinai-theophany entry confirmed (extended to add Acts 2:2-4 refIds)."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:2","status":"approve","citations":["Barrett ICC Acts 1 ad loc.","Pervo Hermeneia Acts ad loc."],"reasoning":"Echos hosper pheromenes pnoes biaias 'sound as of a rushing mighty wind' rendered conventionally; Sinai qol shofar parallel documented at central entry."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:3","status":"approve","citations":["Barrett ICC Acts 1 ad loc.","Witherington Acts 1998 ad loc.","b. Shabbat 88b on 70 nations / 70 languages tradition"],"reasoning":"Diamerizomenai glossai hosei pyros 'divided tongues as of fire' rendered conventionally — no lens leakage. Sinai-fire + rabbinic 70-languages tradition properly documented in commentary; no Elohim-craft pre-resolution in English surface."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:4","status":"approve","citations":["Pervo Hermeneia Acts 2009 ad loc.","Turner Power from on High 1996","Keener Acts 1.800-1042"],"reasoning":"Heterais glossais ambiguity (xenoglossia vs ecstatic-glossolalia) correctly preserved; no adjudication. ASV/RSV baseline."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:5","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:6","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:7","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:8","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:9","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:10","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:11","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:12","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:13","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:14","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:15","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:16","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:17","status":"approve","citations":["Barrett ICC Acts 1.134-138","Pervo Hermeneia Acts ad loc.","Keener Acts 1.887-895"],"reasoning":"Peter's en tais eschatais hemerais redactional adjustment to Joel's meta tauta correctly identified as inaugurated-eschatology framing."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:18","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:19","status":"approve","citations":["Crenshaw AB Joel 1995 on Joel 2:30-31","Barrett ICC Acts 1 ad loc.","Keener Acts 1 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Joel 2:30-31 / 3:3-4 LXX citation rendered conventionally; cross-corpus to cosmic-signs cluster confirmed. Bidirectional Qur'an Sura 54 wire intact."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:20","status":"approve","citations":["Crenshaw AB Joel 1995","Barrett ICC Acts 1 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Sun-turned-to-darkness, moon-into-blood preserved verbatim per Joel LXX citation; conventional ASV/RSV English."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:21","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:22","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:23","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:24","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:25","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:26","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:27","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:28","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:29","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:30","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:31","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:32","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:33","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:34","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:35","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:36","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:37","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:38","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:39","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:40","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:41","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:42","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:43","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:44","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:45","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:46","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"ACT-WOH-2:47","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"pentecost-acts-2-tongues-of-fire-sinai-num-11-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Barrett ICC Acts 1.108-160","Pervo Hermeneia Acts 2009","Keener Acts 1.800-1042","Witherington Acts 1998","Bock BECNT Acts 2007","Bruce NICNT Acts 1988","Fitzmyer AB Acts 1998","Turner Power from on High 1996","Jubilees 6:17-22","Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael Yitro 9","b. Shabbat 88b"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct correctly assigned: Acts 2 ↔ Ex 19 Sinai theophany + Num 11 spirit-distribution is standard scholarly cross-corpus. Shavuot-Sinai-typological identification well-documented in Jubilees + rabbinic tradition. Bidirectional Exodus sinai-theophany entry extension verified (Acts 2:2-4 refIds added). Multilingual-vs-ecstatic glossolalia ambiguity preserved."},{"glossary_id":"cosmic-signs-cluster-joel-2-mark-13-acts-2-luke-21-rev-6-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["France NIGTC Mark 2002 on Mk 13:24-25","Marcus AB Mark 2009 on Mk 13:24-25","Nolland WBC Luke 1993 on Lk 21:25-26","Fitzmyer AB Luke 1985 on Lk 21:25-26","Bovon Hermeneia Luke 3 on Lk 21:25-26","Barrett ICC Acts 1.134-138 on Acts 2:19-20","Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 on Rev 6:12-13","Beale NIGTC 1999 on Rev 6:12-13","Koester AB Revelation 2014 on Rev 6:12-13","Bauckham Theology of Revelation 1993","Bauckham Climax of Prophecy 1993","Crenshaw AB Joel 1995"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct correctly assigned: documents real cross-testament intertextuality cluster (Joel 2 / Isa 13 / Isa 34 / Ezek 32 / Amos 8 → Mk 13 / Mt 24 / Lk 21 → Acts 2 → Rev 6). Hebrew-Bible substrate well-grounded; LXX intertext accurate. Bidirectional Qur'an Sura 54 wire confirmed. Surface English at all four NT sites preserves conventional translation."},{"glossary_id":"sinai-theophany-ex-19-elohim-craft-descent-disavowals-volcanic-hypothesis-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Barrett ICC Acts 1.108-160","Pervo Hermeneia Acts 2009","Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael Yitro 9","Jubilees 6:17-22"],"reasoning":"Extension to add Acts 2:2, 2:3, 2:4 refIds completes the bidirectional Pentecost-as-Sinai-typological-renewal wire. Lukan-Acts integration of Sinai-theophany imagery is standard cross-corpus."},{"glossary_id":"inshiqaq-al-qamar-splitting-of-the-moon-sura-54-1-multiple-readings-preserved-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 on Rev 6:12-13","Crenshaw AB Joel 1995","Barrett ICC Acts 1 on Acts 2:20"],"reasoning":"Extension to add MRK-WOH-16:9, LUK-WOH-21:25, 21:26, ACT-WOH-2:19, 2:20, REV-WOH-6:12, 6:13 refIds completes the cross-corpus bidirectional wire between Qur'an Sura 54 and the NT cosmic-signs cluster. Multiple-readings-preserved framework maintained."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[]}}, "segments": [], "lines": [], "paragraphs": [{ "n": 1, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:1", "text": "And when the day of Pentecost had fully come, they were all together in one place." },{ "n": 2, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:2", "text": "And suddenly there came from heaven a sound as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting." },{ "n": 3, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:3", "text": "And there appeared to them tongues being distributed, as of fire, and it sat upon each one of them," },{ "n": 4, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:4", "text": "And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance." },{ "n": 5, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:5", "text": "Now there were dwelling in Jerusalem Jews, devout men, from every nation under heaven." },{ "n": 6, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:6", "text": "And when this sound occurred, the multitude came together and was bewildered, because each one was hearing them speak in his own language." },{ "n": 7, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:7", "text": "And they were amazed and marveled, saying: \"Behold, are not all these who are speaking Galileans?" },{ "n": 8, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:8", "text": "And how is it that we each hear in our own native language?" },{ "n": 9, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:9", "text": "Parthians and Medes and Elamites, and those dwelling in Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia," },{ "n": 10, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:10", "text": "Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and the visiting Romans," },{ "n": 11, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:11", "text": "both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabs — we hear them speaking in our own languages the mighty works of God.\"" },{ "n": 12, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:12", "text": "And all were amazed and perplexed, saying to one another: \"What does this mean?\"" },{ "n": 13, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:13", "text": "But others, mocking, said: \"They are filled with new wine.\"" },{ "n": 14, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:14", "text": "But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice and addressed them: \"Men of Judea and all who dwell in Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and give ear to my words." },{ "n": 15, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:15", "text": "For these are not drunk, as you suppose, since it is only the third hour of the day." },{ "n": 16, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:16", "text": "But this is what was spoken through the prophet Joel:" },{ "n": 17, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:17", "text": "\"And it shall be in the last days, says God, I will pour out from my Spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams." },{ "n": 18, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:18", "text": "Yes, and on my menservants and on my maidservants in those days I will pour out from my Spirit, and they shall prophesy." },{ "n": 19, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:19", "text": "And I will show wonders in the heaven above and signs on the earth below — blood and fire and vapor of smoke." },{ "n": 20, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:20", "text": "The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and glorious day of the Lord comes." },{ "n": 21, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:21", "text": "And it shall be that whoever calls upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.\"" },{ "n": 22, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:22", "text": "\"Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, a man attested to you by God with mighty works and wonders and signs that God did through him in your midst, as you yourselves know —" },{ "n": 23, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:23", "text": "this man, delivered up by the determined purpose and foreknowledge of God, you crucified and killed by the hands of lawless men." },{ "n": 24, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:24", "text": "Him God raised up, having loosed the pangs of death, because it was not possible that he should be held by it." },{ "n": 25, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:25", "text": "For David says concerning him: \"I saw the Lord always before me, for he is at my right hand, so that I shall not be shaken." },{ "n": 26, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:26", "text": "Therefore my heart was glad and my tongue rejoiced; moreover my flesh also shall dwell in hope," },{ "n": 27, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:27", "text": "because you will not abandon my soul to Hades, nor will you allow your Holy One to see corruption." },{ "n": 28, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:28", "text": "You have made known to me the ways of life; you will fill me with gladness in your presence.\"" },{ "n": 29, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:29", "text": "Brothers, I may say to you with confidence concerning the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day." },{ "n": 30, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:30", "text": "Being therefore a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn to him with an oath that one of the fruit of his loins would sit upon his throne," },{ "n": 31, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:31", "text": "he foresaw and spoke of the resurrection of the Christ, that he was neither abandoned to Hades nor did his flesh see corruption." },{ "n": 32, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:32", "text": "This Jesus God raised up, and of that we all are witnesses." },{ "n": 33, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:33", "text": "Therefore, being exalted to the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this which you both see and hear." },{ "n": 34, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:34", "text": "For David did not ascend into the heavens, but he himself says: \"The Lord said to my Lord, 'Sit at my right hand," },{ "n": 35, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:35", "text": "until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.'\"" },{ "n": 36, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:36", "text": "Therefore let all the house of Israel know with certainty that God has made him both Lord and Christ — this Jesus whom you crucified.\"" },{ "n": 37, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:37", "text": "Now when they heard this, they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles: \"Brothers, what shall we do?\"" },{ "n": 38, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:38", "text": "And Peter said to them: \"Repent, and let each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit." },{ "n": 39, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:39", "text": "For the promise is to you and to your children and to all who are far off, as many as the Lord our God shall call to himself.\"" },{ "n": 40, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:40", "text": "And with many other words he testified and exhorted them, saying: \"Be saved from this crooked generation.\"" },{ "n": 41, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:41", "text": "So then, those who received his word were baptized, and there were added that day about three thousand souls." },{ "n": 42, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:42", "text": "And they devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching and to the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to the prayers." },{ "n": 43, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:43", "text": "And awe came upon every soul, and many wonders and signs were being done through the apostles." },{ "n": 44, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:44", "text": "And all who believed were together and had all things in common," },{ "n": 45, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:45", "text": "and they were selling their possessions and goods and distributing them to all, as anyone had need." },{ "n": 46, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:46", "text": "And day by day, continuing with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, they were partaking of food with gladness and simplicity of heart," },{ "n": 47, "refId": "ACT-WOH-2:47", "text": "praising God and having favor with all the people. And the Lord was adding to their number day by day those who were being saved." } ] }, "links": { "self": "/v1/library/books/acts-woh/chapters/2", "book": "/v1/library/books/acts-woh/", "chapters": "/v1/library/books/acts-woh/chapters/", "library": "/v1/library/", "schema": "/v1/schema/book/" } }