{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "Chapter", "metadata": { "generated": "2026-09-12T06:52:38Z", "language": "en", "book": "daniel-woh", "chapter": 8 }, "data": { "n": 8, "bookSlug": "daniel-woh", "bookCode": "DAN-WOH", "refId": "", "title": "Daniel 8 — The vision of the ram and the male goat, the little horn, and the 2300 evenings-mornings", "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Daniel — per-verse layered-witness reconstruction (Masoretic Text Hebrew per BHS Codex Leningradensis primary; DSS 4Q113 (Danielb) secondary where preserved; Old Greek + Theodotion-Greek tertiary, especially at v 9 (little-horn vs strong-horn) + v 14 (2300 / 2400 evenings-mornings divergence). Chapter 8 returns to Hebrew (the Aramaic core 2:4b–7:28 having ended). The vision is the most explicitly historicizable in Daniel: ram = Medo-Persia (named v 20); male goat = Greece/Yāwān (named v 21); the little horn = Antiochus IV Epiphanes per dominant scholarly consensus.","sourceLicense":"Best-effort reconstruction; scholarly editions cited; English original to this project","sourceUrl":"(see source-8.json citations)","sourceAccessedVia":"BHS + DJD XVI 2000 + Collins 1993 Hermeneia + Goldingay 1989 WBC + Newsom 2014 OTL + Montgomery 1927 ICC PD + Ziegler-Munnich 1999 + 1 Macc 1 + 4:36-59 + 2 Macc 6 + 10","verificationStatus":"best-effort reconstruction; verification pending against BHS apparatus + DJD XVI 2000 DSS apparatus + Ziegler-Munnich 1999 + original codicology","glossaryVersion":"2.69.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.1.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7 (translator)","claude-opus-4-7 (editor)","claude-opus-4-7 (reviewer)"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-06-07T00:00:00+00:00","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-06-07T00:00:00+00:00","verdicts":[{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:1","status":"approve","citations":["BHS; Collins 1993 Hermeneia pp 326-327"],"reasoning":"Aramaic-to-Hebrew transition correctly handled at 8:1 (text_lang reverts to 'he')."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:2","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:3","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:4","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:5","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:6","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:7","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:8","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:9","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:10","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:11","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:12","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:13","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:14","status":"approve","citations":["Collins 1993 Hermeneia pp 336-337; 1 Macc 1:54 + 4:52"],"reasoning":"2300 evenings-mornings preserved as literal day-count; commentary correctly identifies Antiochene desecration period (Dec 167 - Dec 164 BCE)."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:15","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:16","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:17","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:18","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:19","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:20","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:21","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:22","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:23","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:24","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:25","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:26","status":"approve","citations":["Collins 1993 Hermeneia ad loc"],"reasoning":"'seal up the vision' preserved (cross-corpus to Dan 12 sealed-book + Rev 22:10 reversal)."},{"refId":"DAN-WOH-8:27","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Faithful Hebrew rendering."}],"glossaryReview":[],"lens-leakage-flags":[],"glossaryReviewNote":"Full glossary review is attached to chapter-1.json (single-home convention to avoid duplication across 12 chapters)."}}, "segments": [], "lines": [], "paragraphs": [{ "n": 1, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:1", "text": "In the third year of the reign of Belshazzar the king a vision appeared to me, Daniel, after that which appeared to me at the first." },{ "n": 2, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:2", "text": "And I saw in the vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was in Susa the citadel, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in the vision, and I was by the river Ulai." },{ "n": 3, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:3", "text": "And I lifted up my eyes and saw, and behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns; and the two horns were high, but the one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last." },{ "n": 4, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:4", "text": "I saw the ram pushing westward and northward and southward; and no beasts could stand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and magnified himself." },{ "n": 5, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:5", "text": "And as I was considering, behold, a male goat came from the west over the face of the whole earth, and did not touch the ground; and the goat had a conspicuous horn between his eyes." },{ "n": 6, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:6", "text": "And he came to the ram that had the two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran at him in the fury of his power." },{ "n": 7, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:7", "text": "And I saw him come close to the ram, and he was moved with anger against him, and struck the ram and broke his two horns; and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground and trampled upon him; and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand." },{ "n": 8, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:8", "text": "And the male goat magnified himself exceedingly; and when he was strong, the great horn was broken, and instead of it there came up four conspicuous horns toward the four winds of heaven." },{ "n": 9, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:9", "text": "And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which grew exceedingly great toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the glorious land." },{ "n": 10, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:10", "text": "And it grew great, even to the host of heaven; and some of the host and of the stars it cast down to the ground, and trampled upon them." },{ "n": 11, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:11", "text": "Yea, it magnified itself, even to the prince of the host; and it took away from him the continual burnt-offering, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down." },{ "n": 12, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:12", "text": "And the host was given over to it together with the continual burnt-offering through transgression; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it did its pleasure and prospered." },{ "n": 13, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:13", "text": "Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said to that certain one who spoke, \"How long shall be the vision concerning the continual burnt-offering, and the transgression that makes desolate, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?\"" },{ "n": 14, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:14", "text": "And he said to me, \"Unto two thousand and three hundred evenings and mornings; then shall the sanctuary be restored to its right state.\"" },{ "n": 15, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:15", "text": "And it came to pass, when I, Daniel, had seen the vision, that I sought to understand it; and behold, there stood before me one having the appearance of a man." },{ "n": 16, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:16", "text": "And I heard a man's voice between the banks of the Ulai, which called and said, \"Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.\"" },{ "n": 17, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:17", "text": "So he came near where I stood; and when he came, I was frightened, and fell upon my face; but he said to me, \"Understand, O son of man; for the vision is for the time of the end.\"" },{ "n": 18, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:18", "text": "And as he was speaking with me, I fell into a deep sleep with my face toward the ground; but he touched me, and set me upright." },{ "n": 19, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:19", "text": "And he said, \"Behold, I will make you know what shall be in the latter end of the indignation; for it belongs to the appointed time of the end." },{ "n": 20, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:20", "text": "The ram which you saw, that had the two horns, they are the kings of Media and Persia." },{ "n": 21, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:21", "text": "And the rough male goat is the king of Greece; and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king." },{ "n": 22, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:22", "text": "And as for that which was broken, in the place where four stood up, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not with his power." },{ "n": 23, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:23", "text": "And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors have come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up." },{ "n": 24, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:24", "text": "And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power; and he shall destroy wondrously, and shall prosper and do his pleasure; and he shall destroy the mighty ones and the people of the holy ones." },{ "n": 25, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:25", "text": "And through his cunning he shall cause deceit to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and in security shall he destroy many; he shall also stand up against the prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand." },{ "n": 26, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:26", "text": "And the vision of the evenings and mornings which has been told is true; but you shall seal up the vision, for it belongs to many days to come." },{ "n": 27, "refId": "DAN-WOH-8:27", "text": "And I, Daniel, was overcome, and was sick certain days; then I rose up, and did the king's business; and I was astonished at the vision, but none understood it." } ] }, "links": { "self": "/v1/library/books/daniel-woh/chapters/8", "book": "/v1/library/books/daniel-woh/", "chapters": "/v1/library/books/daniel-woh/chapters/", "library": "/v1/library/", "schema": "/v1/schema/book/" } }