{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "Chapter", "metadata": { "generated": "2026-08-22T14:14:13Z", "language": "en", "book": "exodus-woh", "chapter": 3 }, "data": { "n": 3, "bookSlug": "exodus-woh", "bookCode": "EXO-WOH", "refId": "", "title": "Exodus 3 — The burning bush + the divine-name revelation (ehyeh asher ehyeh)", "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Hebrew Masoretic text (Westminster Leningrad Codex base, Public Domain) — Tanach with Ta'amei Hamikra","sourceLicense":"Public Domain (Westminster Leningrad Codex)","sourceAccessedVia":"Sefaria v3 API","glossaryVersion":"2.61.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.1.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7 (translator)","claude-opus-4-7 (editor)","claude-opus-4-7 (reviewer)"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","status":"stable","sourceUrl":"https://www.sefaria.org/api/texts/Exodus.3","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-06-04T06:13:10Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:1","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna 1991 JPS Torah Commentary ad loc.","Houtman 1993 HCOT vol. 1"],"reasoning":"The Horeb/Sinai variation localizes Moses at the divine-mountain; the source-critical Horeb (E/D) vs Sinai (J/P) tradition is properly cross-corpus-flagged via the new central entry. Hebrew preserved accurately."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:2","status":"approve","citations":["Sommer 2009 Bodies of God ch. 1-2","Childs 1974 OTL ad loc."],"reasoning":"*malʾaḵ YHWH* in the burning-bush identified with YHWH (v.4) — defensible per the fluidity-of-divine-bodies pattern Sommer documents and the malakh-YHWH-as-YHWH commentator consensus (Childs)."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:3","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:4","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:5","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:6","status":"approve","citations":["Albright/Alt/de Vaux 'God of the Fathers'","Mark 12:26-27 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"Threefold *ʾĕlōhê* repetition preserved on the surface per Hebrew form, not smoothed. Patriarchal-God formula properly anchored."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:7","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:8","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:9","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:10","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:11","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:12","status":"approve","citations":["Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Propp's v.12 / v.14 *ʾehyeh*-pair argument for the future-aspectual reading is correctly attributed; the surface preserves the v.12 'I will be with you' verbal force without pre-resolving the v.14 ambiguity."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:13","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:14","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. hyh; HALOT s.v. hyh","Childs 1974 OTL ad loc.","Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2 ad loc.","Sarna 1991 JPS ad loc.","Cassuto 1967 ad loc."],"reasoning":"WoH surface 'I am that I am' = KJV/RSV tradition. The central entry documents all five reading-strata (KJV present-stative / JPS-Propp future-aspectual / LXX ho ōn / Albright causative-hiphʿil / process-theology) with explicit disavowals against Christological pre-resolution (John 8:58), Raëlian-canon engineered-AI-presence reading, and Sitchin Anunnaki-faction self-identification. Acknowledgment-without-endorsement framework correctly applied per the Shi'ur Qomah parasangs / Qur'an inshiqāq al-qamar precedents. Surface is a defensible scholarly rendering; the lens-discipline rides entirely in the apparatus."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:15","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann/Cross documentary-hypothesis treatments"],"reasoning":"Pairing of explicit YHWH-tetragrammaton with the v.14 *ʾehyeh* construct preserved; J/P documentary tension at Ex 6:2-3 documented without adjudication."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:16","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:17","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:18","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:19","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:20","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:21","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Source Hebrew text re-read independently; English rendering is a defensible scholarly translation matching the ASV/RSV-baseline tradition with no lens-leakage at the surface. Glossary references (if present) properly anchor philological/cross-corpus framework."},{"refId":"EXO-WOH-3:22","status":"approve","citations":["Childs 1974 OTL ad loc.","Cassuto 1967 ad loc."],"reasoning":"*nāṣaltem ʾeṯ-miṣrayim* 'despoil Mitsrayim' preserved literal rather than softened; the moral-theological dispute is documented in commentary per Childs's classic treatment."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"ehyeh-asher-ehyeh-divine-name-revelation-ex-3-14-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. hyh","HALOT s.v. hyh","Childs 1974 OTL ad loc.","Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2 ad loc.","Sarna 1991 JPS ad loc.","Albright 1924 JBL 43:370-378","Cross 1973 Canaanite Myth ch. 3"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: surface KJV/RSV 'I am that I am' is a documented English-tradition convention. All five reading-strata documented with named scholarship; lens disavowals (Christological / Raëlian-canon engineered-AI / Sitchin) explicit. Acknowledgment-without-endorsement framework properly applied. No adjudication."},{"glossary_id":"pillar-of-cloud-and-fire-ammud-ha-anan-ve-esh-divine-presence-marker-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Sommer 2009 The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel","Mettinger 1982 The Dethronement of Sabaoth","Cross 1973 Canaanite Myth ch. 5"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: surface 'pillar of cloud / pillar of fire' is standard English translation. Disavowals against (i) Raëlian-canon Elohim-craft (acknowledgment-without-endorsement), (ii) Sitchin Anunnaki-aerial-vehicle, (iii) Christian-typology preincarnate-Christ, (iv) naturalistic volcanic-plume all explicit and correctly framed."},{"glossary_id":"keriat-yam-suf-parting-of-the-sea-ex-14-divine-warrior-cross-corpus-with-disavowals","status":"approve","citations":["Childs 1974 OTL","Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2","Hoffmeier 2005 Ancient Israel in Sinai","Cross 1973 Canaanite Myth ch. 6","Miller 1973 The Divine Warrior in Early Israel","Day 1985 God's Conflict with the Dragon"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: three preserved reading-strata (mainstream-theological / Hoffmeier naturalistic-east-wind / Raëlian-canon engineered-demonstration) documented. Disavowals against Sitchin/Anunnaki, Christian-typological Red-Sea-as-baptism (1 Cor 10:1-2), and Raëlian-canon ET-propulsion all explicit; acknowledgment-without-endorsement framework correctly applied per Shi'ur Qomah / inshiqāq al-qamar precedents. *bqʿ* chaoskampf-vocabulary correctly cross-corpus-anchored."},{"glossary_id":"mannah-bread-from-heaven-ex-16-quranic-and-nt-cross-corpus-with-disavowals","status":"approve","citations":["Bodenheimer 1947 The Manna of Sinai (Biblical Archaeologist 10/1)","Sarna 1991 JPS ad loc.","b. Hag. 12b mān ha-ganuz","John 6 cross-corpus","Rev 2:17 cross-corpus","Qur'an 2:57, 7:160 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: five reading-strata (classical Jewish miraculous-provision / Bodenheimer naturalistic tamarisk-honeydew / rabbinic-eschatological mān ha-ganuz / Christian-typological Jesus-as-bread-of-life / Raëlian-canon engineered-nutrition) documented; disavowals against simplistic-naturalistic reduction, Christian-Eucharistic pre-resolution, and Raëlian-canon ET-tech-food-drop all explicit. Acknowledgment-without-endorsement framework correctly applied."},{"glossary_id":"sinai-theophany-ex-19-elohim-craft-descent-disavowals-volcanic-hypothesis-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Cross 1973 Canaanite Myth ch. 5","Day 2000 Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan","Stade 1888 / Wellhausen / Gressmann volcanic-Sinai hypothesis","Humphreys 2003 The Miracles of Exodus","Houtman 1996 HCOT vol. 2"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: four reading-strata (mainstream-theological / Cross-Day form-critical theophanic-thunderstorm / volcanic-Sinai academic-historical Stade-Wellhausen-Gressmann-Humphreys / Raëlian-canon Elohim-spacecraft-descent) documented. Volcanic-Sinai preserved as documented hypothesis without adjudication per the brief. Disavowals against Sitchin/Anunnaki, Heb 12 Christian-supersessionist Zion-supersedes-Sinai pre-resolution, and Raëlian-canon ET-craft all explicit. Acknowledgment-without-endorsement framework correctly applied."},{"glossary_id":"yhwh-yilachem-lakhem-divine-warrior-formula-ex-14-13-14-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Miller 1973 The Divine Warrior in Early Israel","Cross 1973 ch. 6","Ex 15:3, Josh 10:14, Ps 24:8, Isa 42:13 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: divine-warrior formula locus-classicus. Miller 1973 foundational monograph correctly cited as the field-defining treatment."},{"glossary_id":"aseret-ha-dvarim-decalogue-enumeration-jewish-vs-augustinian-orthodox-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["b. Makkot 23b-24a Jewish enumeration","Augustine Quaestiones in Heptateuchum II.71","Tridentine Catholic Catechism","Luther Large Catechism","Eastern Orthodox / Reformed enumeration tradition"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct defensible: Hebrew Masoretic / Jewish numbering preserved on surface per source-text convention; Augustinian, Catholic, Lutheran, Orthodox, and Reformed enumerations all documented without adjudication per the brief."},{"glossary_id":"burning-bush-malakh-YHWH-theophany-ex-3-2-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Sommer 2009 Bodies of God ch. 1-2","Gen 16, 22, Judg 6, 13 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: malakh-YHWH-as-YHWH fluidity-of-divine-bodies pattern correctly anchored via Sommer 2009 and cross-corpus parallels."},{"glossary_id":"elohei-avraham-yitzchaq-veyaakov-patriarchal-god-formula-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Albright 1968 Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan","Alt 1929 Der Gott der Väter","de Vaux 1971 Histoire ancienne d'Israël"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: Albright-Alt-de Vaux tradition-historical framework correctly anchored. NT cross-corpus at Mark 12:26-27 with operational disavowals."},{"glossary_id":"segullah-mamleḵet-kohanim-vegoy-qadosh-covenantal-formula-ex-19-5-6-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Akkadian sikiltu cognate evidence (CAD S s.v. sikiltu)","Greenberg 1951 'Hebrew sĕgullā: Akkadian sikiltu' (JAOS 71)","Deut 7:6, 14:2, 26:18 cross-corpus","1 Pet 2:9, Rev 1:6, 5:10 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: Akkadian *sikiltu* cognate is documented in CAD. Christian-supersessionist 1 Pet 2:9 'Israel-replaced-by-Church' pre-resolution and Raëlian-canon 'engineered-elect-race' reading both explicitly disavowed."},{"glossary_id":"har-sinai-horev-the-mountain-of-Elohim-divine-mountain-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Clifford 1972 The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament","Day 2000 Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: Horeb (E/D) vs Sinai (J/P) source-critical variation correctly anchored; bidirectional cross-corpus wire to existing Ugaritic entry mount-sapunu-tsafon-cosmic-mountain-cross-corpus-ugaritic-hebrew-bible verified. Northwest-Semitic cosmic-mountain tradition (Clifford 1972) correctly attributed."},{"glossary_id":"hardening-of-pharaoh-heart-quishah-lev-ex-7-14-divine-action-theological-problem-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Childs 1974 OTL classic treatment","Houtman 1993 HCOT vol. 1"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: mixed-agency theological-problem properly framed via Childs's classic treatment. Cross-corpus reach across Ex 4-14 correctly identified."},{"glossary_id":"yam-suf-sea-of-reeds-vs-red-sea-geographical-textual-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2","Hoffmeier 2005 Ancient Israel in Sinai","NJPS"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: modern critical Sea-of-Reeds consensus correctly preserved on surface; LXX-Vulgate-KJV Red-Sea tradition documented."},{"glossary_id":"maśśah-merivah-testing-contention-place-name-aetiological-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Deut 6:16, 9:22, 33:8 cross-corpus","Ps 95:8-9 cross-corpus","Heb 3:7-19, 4:1-11 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: aetiological-naming covenantal-recall pattern correctly anchored. 1 Cor 10:4 Christological pre-resolution and Sitchin/Raëlian-canon engineered-installation reading explicitly disavowed."},{"glossary_id":"amalek-perennial-enemy-ex-17-deut-25-1-sam-15-esther-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Deut 25:17-19 → 1 Sam 15 → Esther cross-corpus chain"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: cross-corpus chain correctly anchored. Modern-political weaponization, Christian-supersessionist inversion, and Sitchin/Raëlian fringe-readings all explicitly disavowed."},{"glossary_id":"anokhi-YHWH-divine-self-identification-formula-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Lev 17-26 Holiness Code","Deutero-Isaiah","Ezek 20 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: divine self-identification formula's cross-corpus reach correctly anchored."},{"glossary_id":"pesach-pidyon-firstborn-passover-firstborn-redemption-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Num 3, 18 cross-corpus","Lev 27:27 cross-corpus","Luke 2:22-24 cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: firstborn-redemption institution correctly cross-corpus-anchored."},{"glossary_id":"shabbat-creation-grounding-vs-exodus-grounding-deuteronomic-variant-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Gen 2:1-3 creation-grounding","Deut 5:12-15 Exodus-deliverance grounding","b. Rosh Hashanah 27a zakhor-shamor"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: dual-grounding theological-significance correctly framed; rabbinic harmonization properly attributed."},{"glossary_id":"elohim-aherim-other-gods-monolatry-vs-monotheism-scholarly-dispute-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Smith 2002 The Origins of Biblical Monotheism","Albertz 1994 A History of Israelite Religion"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: monolatry-vs-monotheism scholarly dispute correctly attributed; Smith and Albertz both genuinely hold the developmental position; preserved without adjudication."},{"glossary_id":"pesel-utemunah-graven-image-iconographic-prohibition-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Mettinger 1995 No Graven Image?","Deut 4:15-19 cross-corpus","Ex 32 Golden-Calf cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: Mettinger 1995 framework correctly attributed."},{"glossary_id":"shem-YHWH-lashav-name-of-YHWH-in-vain-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. nśʾ","post-biblical Tetragrammaton-substitution tradition"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: perjury-reading vs profane-utterance dispute correctly documented; literal 'lift up' surface preserved."},{"glossary_id":"mount-sapunu-tsafon-cosmic-mountain-cross-corpus-ugaritic-hebrew-bible","status":"approve","citations":["Clifford 1972 The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament","Day 2000 Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan"],"reasoning":"approve modification: bidirectional cross-corpus wire to new Hebrew-side har-sinai-horev entry correctly established; the Sapunu↔Sinai/Horeb cross-Semitic cosmic-mountain cluster wiring is the chapter's most-important cross-tradition link and is correctly bidirectional."},{"glossary_id":"ehyeh-asher-ehyeh-english-rendering-convention-exodus-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["KJV 1611, RSV 1952, ASV 1901 — inherited surface convention"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: surface 'I am that I am' = inherited KJV/RSV/ASV English-translation convention. Five reading-strata documented at central entry; no adjudication. Operational disavowals at central entry."},{"glossary_id":"ratsach-murder-vs-kill-decalogue-translation-convention-exodus-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["Num 35:11-12, 16-21, 30-31 cities-of-refuge distributional evidence","Childs 1974 OTL","Propp 2006 Anchor Bible 2A","Sarna 1991 JPS","Lind 1980 historic-peace-church tradition"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: 47-occurrence lexical-distribution analysis with cities-of-refuge legislation as foundational distributional evidence is sound philology. *rṣḥ* vs *hrg* distinction is genuinely held by Childs, Propp, and Sarna; the KJV 'kill' broader rendering is correctly attributed to the historic-peace-church / pacifist-conscientious-objector position without WoH-adjudication. Defensible."},{"glossary_id":"chamad-covet-vs-scheme-to-acquire-decalogue-translation-convention-exodus-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["Anderson 1991 'Tenth Commandment as a Conceptual Marker for Identity Formation in Ancient Israel'","Childs 1974 OTL","Sarna 1991 JPS","Propp 2006 Anchor Bible 2A","Josh 7:21 + Mic 2:2 action-oriented evidence","Gen 2:9 + 3:6 psychological-state evidence","Deut 5:21 ḥmd vs ʾwh distributional evidence"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: dispute is genuinely scholarly; Anderson 1991 action-oriented argument and the Augustinian-Aquinas psychological-state inheritance both correctly attributed. Deut 5:21 distributional evidence properly identified. No WoH-adjudication."},{"glossary_id":"sinai-cloud-fire-thunder-trumpet-imagery-exodus-compositional-cluster-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["Lev 23:24, 25:9 šōp̄ār cultic deployments","Josh 6:4-13 Jericho","1 Kgs 1:34 Solomon's anointing","Ps 47:6, 81:4, 98:6 cultic worship"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: Exodus-distinctive compositional cluster correctly framed; šōp̄ār-as-divine-arrival-announcement cross-corpus evidence properly anchored."},{"glossary_id":"chamushim-armed-for-battle-hapax-difficulty-exodus-13-18-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["Josh 1:14, 4:12, Judg 7:11 recurrence","LXX en tē pemptē geneā","Targum Onkelos","Cassuto 1967 ad loc."],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: four reading-strata (ASV/RSV 'armed for battle' / LXX 'in five divisions' / Cassuto 'by fifties' / midrashic 'eagerly') all documented; dominant English-translation tradition preserved on surface."},{"glossary_id":"mehuspas-fine-flaky-substance-hapax-exodus-16-14-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. ḥsps","Sarna 1991 JPS ad loc."],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: true hapax-legomenon with disputed etymology; contextual sense constrained by Ex 16:14 *daq ka-kĕp̄ōr* and Ex 16:31 *kĕ-zeraʿ gaḏ lāḇān*. ASV/RSV-baseline surface preserved."},{"glossary_id":"kes-yah-vs-nes-yah-textual-variant-exodus-17-16-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["Childs 1974 OTL","Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2 ad loc.","Sarna 1991 JPS ad loc.","lectio difficilior potior principle"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: MT *kēs* preserved per *lectio difficilior potior* principle; LXX/Samaritan/Syriac *nēs* variant correctly identified as plausible secondary harmonization with v.15 YHWH-Nissi. All three scholars cited (Childs, Propp, Sarna) genuinely prefer MT here. Shortened *yāh* (only YH in Exodus) preserved."},{"glossary_id":"yobel-rams-horn-jubilee-horn-translation-convention-exodus-19-13-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["Lev 25:9-13 yōḇēl-Jubilee cross-corpus","Josh 6:4-13 Jericho cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: *yōḇēl* (v.13) vs *šōp̄ār* (vv.16, 19) distinction correctly preserved; Sinai-Jubilee thematic-connection properly identified."},{"glossary_id":"bayn-haarbayim-between-the-evenings-temporal-convention-exodus-overlay","status":"approve","citations":["m. Pesachim 5:1 rabbinic-Mishnaic","Karaite-Samaritan literal-dual-evening tradition","Milgrom 1990 Numbers","Levine 1989 Leviticus","Propp 1999 Anchor Bible 2"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct: rabbinic-Mishnaic vs Karaite-Samaritan dispute correctly documented without adjudication; literal 'between the evenings' surface preserved."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[]}}, "segments": [], "lines": [], "paragraphs": [{ "n": 1, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:1", "text": "Now Moses was shepherding the flock of Yitro his father-in-law, the priest of Midian. He led the flock beyond the wilderness and came to the mountain of the Elohim, to Horeb." },{ "n": 2, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:2", "text": "And the messenger of YHWH appeared to him in a flame of fire from the midst of the bush. He looked, and behold, the bush was burning with fire, yet the bush was not consumed." },{ "n": 3, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:3", "text": "And Moses said, \"Let me turn aside now and see this great sight — why the bush is not burned up.\"" },{ "n": 4, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:4", "text": "When YHWH saw that he had turned aside to see, the Elohim called to him from the midst of the bush and said, \"Moses, Moses!\" And he said, \"Here I am.\"" },{ "n": 5, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:5", "text": "And he said, \"Do not draw near here. Take off your sandals from your feet, for the place on which you are standing is holy ground.\"" },{ "n": 6, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:6", "text": "And he said, \"I am the Elohim of your father, the Elohim of Avraham, the Elohim of Yitzchaq, and the Elohim of Ya'aqov.\" And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at the Elohim." },{ "n": 7, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:7", "text": "And YHWH said, \"I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Mitsrayim, and I have heard their cry on account of their taskmasters; indeed, I know their pains." },{ "n": 8, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:8", "text": "And I have come down to deliver them from the hand of Mitsrayim and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, to a land flowing with milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanite and the Hittite and the Amorite and the Perizzite and the Hivite and the Jebusite." },{ "n": 9, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:9", "text": "And now, behold, the cry of the children of Yisra'el has come to me, and I have also seen the oppression with which the Egyptians are oppressing them." },{ "n": 10, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:10", "text": "And now, go, and I will send you to Pharaoh, that you may bring my people, the children of Yisra'el, out of Mitsrayim.\"" },{ "n": 11, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:11", "text": "And Moses said to the Elohim, \"Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should bring the children of Yisra'el out of Mitsrayim?\"" },{ "n": 12, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:12", "text": "And he said, \"For I will be with you, and this shall be the sign for you that I have sent you: when you bring the people out of Mitsrayim, you shall serve the Elohim on this mountain.\"" },{ "n": 13, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:13", "text": "And Moses said to the Elohim, \"Behold, I am going to the children of Yisra'el and I will say to them, 'The Elohim of your fathers has sent me to you,' and they will say to me, 'What is his name?' What shall I say to them?\"" },{ "n": 14, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:14", "text": "And the Elohim said to Moses, \"I am that I am.\" And he said, \"Thus you shall say to the children of Yisra'el: 'I am has sent me to you.'\"" },{ "n": 15, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:15", "text": "And the Elohim said further to Moses, \"Thus you shall say to the children of Yisra'el: 'YHWH, the Elohim of your fathers, the Elohim of Avraham, the Elohim of Yitzchaq, and the Elohim of Ya'aqov, has sent me to you. This is my name forever, and this is my memorial from generation to generation.'" },{ "n": 16, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:16", "text": "Go and gather the elders of Yisra'el and say to them, 'YHWH, the Elohim of your fathers, has appeared to me — the Elohim of Avraham, Yitzchaq, and Ya'aqov — saying: I have surely visited you and what is being done to you in Mitsrayim," },{ "n": 17, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:17", "text": "and I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Mitsrayim to the land of the Canaanite and the Hittite and the Amorite and the Perizzite and the Hivite and the Jebusite, to a land flowing with milk and honey.'" },{ "n": 18, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:18", "text": "And they will listen to your voice; and you shall go, you and the elders of Yisra'el, to the king of Mitsrayim, and you shall say to him: 'YHWH, the Elohim of the Hebrews, has met with us; and now, let us please go a three-days' journey into the wilderness, that we may sacrifice to YHWH our Elohim.'" },{ "n": 19, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:19", "text": "But I know that the king of Mitsrayim will not allow you to go, even by a mighty hand." },{ "n": 20, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:20", "text": "And I will stretch out my hand and strike Mitsrayim with all my wonders that I will do in its midst; and after that he will send you out." },{ "n": 21, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:21", "text": "And I will give this people favor in the eyes of Mitsrayim; and it shall come to pass that when you go, you shall not go empty-handed." },{ "n": 22, "refId": "EXO-WOH-3:22", "text": "Each woman shall ask of her neighbor and of the female who sojourns in her house articles of silver and articles of gold and garments; and you shall put them on your sons and on your daughters, and so you shall despoil Mitsrayim." } ] }, "links": { "self": "/v1/library/books/exodus-woh/chapters/3", "book": "/v1/library/books/exodus-woh/", "chapters": "/v1/library/books/exodus-woh/chapters/", "library": "/v1/library/", "schema": "/v1/schema/book/" } }