{
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "kind": "Chapter",
  "metadata": {
    "generated": "2026-08-22T14:14:13Z",
    "language": "en",
    "book": "genesis-woh",
    "chapter": 14
  },
  "data": {
    "n": 14,
    "bookSlug": "genesis-woh",
    "bookCode": "GEN-WOH",
    "refId": "",
    "title": "Genesis 14 — The war of the four kings, Melchizedek, and Abram's refusal of the spoils",
    "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Tanach with Ta'amei Hamikra (Westminster Leningrad)","sourceLicense":"Public Domain","sourceUrl":"http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml","sourceAccessedVia":"sefaria.org/api/v3/texts/Genesis.14","glossaryVersion":"2.11.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-05-22T20:00:00+00:00","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-05-22T19:09:35Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:1","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:2","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:3","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:4","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:5","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann, Genesis 12-36 (1985), pp. 195-196","Sarna, JPS Genesis (1989), p. 105","Wenham, WBC Genesis 1-15 (1987), pp. 311-312","Hamilton, NICOT Genesis 1-17 (1990), p. 403","BDB / HALOT on Refa'im (giant-peoples sense vs. shades homonym)"],"reasoning":"Bare proper-name transcriptions match ASV; the lens-relevant Deut 2:10-11, 2:20-21, 3:11 and Num 13:33 cross-references are contained in commentary, not in translated text. The two-sense distinction (giant-peoples / shades-of-dead) is properly tracked. No lens leakage."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:6","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:7","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:8","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:9","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:10","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:11","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:12","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:13","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna, JPS Genesis (1989), p. 107","Cassuto, From Noah to Abraham (1964), p. 201","Speiser, Anchor Bible Genesis (1964), pp. 102-103","Westermann, Genesis 12-36 (1985), pp. 195-196","Greenberg, The Hab/piru (1955); Na'aman, JNES (1986)","LXX Genesis 14:13 (peratēs)"],"reasoning":"'The Hebrew' matches ASV/NRSV/NJPS consensus and refuses to commit the English to any of the three competing etymologies (Eber-eponymous, habiru-social-class, eber-geographical). Defensible cold."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:14","status":"approve","citations":["BDB / HALOT on ch-n-k (dedicate / inaugurate / train-up); BDB lists chanikh as hapax","Albright, Archaeology of Palestine (1949); Lambdin (1953) on Egyptian ḥnk","Sarna (1989) p. 108; Wenham (1987) p. 313; Hamilton (1990) p. 404","b. Nedarim 32a; Bereshit Rabbah 43:2 (gematria-Eliezer, properly flagged as downstream-reception)"],"reasoning":"'Trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen' matches ASV; the Egyptian ḥnk retainer-parallel reading (NJPS, Alter) is registered in apparatus without being adopted in English. The gematria-Eliezer rabbinic tradition is correctly flagged as post-biblical reception, not preempted. Hapax status verified by lexical search."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:15","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:16","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:17","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:18","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann (1985), pp. 203-205","Sarna (1989), p. 109","Wenham (1987), pp. 316-317","Hamilton (1990), pp. 408-409","Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973), pp. 207-209 (Tzedek as West-Semitic deity)","Horton, The Melchizedek Tradition (1976); Kobelski, Melchizedek and Melchireša' (1981); Mason, You Are a Priest Forever (2008)","KTU 1.123 (Ugaritic Ṣdq + Mšr); Eusebius, Praep. Ev. 1.10 (Sanchuniathon's Sydyk)","Josh 10:1, 10:3 (Adoni-Tzedek parallel); Ps 76:3 (Shalem-Zion equation); 1QapGen col. 22","Amarna EA 285-290 (Abdi-Heba, Urusalim); Egyptian Execration Texts (Rušalimum)"],"reasoning":"The keystone verse is rendered with maximum scholarly restraint: 'And Melchizedek king of Shalem brought out bread and wine; and he was priest of El Elyon'. Three philological preservations (Shalem rather than Vulgate-routed Salem; El Elyon rather than 'God Most High'; kohen-l-El-Elyon, not kohen-l-YHWH) are each defensible. The four converging lexical decisions are carried by four glossary entries with mainstream scholarly framing. Both downstream-reception streams (11QMelch, Heb 5-7) are flagged not preempted. Lens stays in apparatus."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:19","status":"flag-for-human","citations":["BDB / HALOT / NIDOTTE vol. 3 pp. 940-942 on q-n-h (acquire / create duality)","Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973), pp. 15-18, 50-52 (Ugaritic qny ʾrṣ)","Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism (2001)","Karatepe inscription KAI 26 (Phoenician ʾl qn ʾrṣ); Elkunirsa myth (Hittite-Hurrian)","ASV (possessor); NRSV / NJPS / NIV / Alter / Speiser (creator / maker)","Deut 32:6; Ps 139:13; Prov 8:22 (internal HB create-sense attestations)"],"reasoning":"The 'creator of heaven and earth' rendering is defensible (matches ASV; preserves the dominant later-Hebrew q-n-h sense) but sits against the modern critical consensus, which reads 'creator/maker' on the strength of the inherited West-Semitic qny-epithet (where Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Hittite-Hurrian parallels unambiguously mean 'create') and the internal Hebrew create-sense attestations at Deut 32:6, Ps 139:13, Prov 8:22. The Editor's rationale (legitimacy-claim function in context, dominant Hebrew sense, ASV preservation, apparatus carries the create-sense) is honest and defensible. Human should explicitly ratify which way the project leans: minority-but-defensible 'possessor' or modern-critical 'creator'. This is the chapter's most consequential translation-choice flag."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:20","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna (1989), pp. 109, 200","Wenham (1987), pp. 317-318","Hebrews 7:2-10 (post-biblical reception, properly flagged)","Lev 27:30-33; Num 18:21-32; Deut 12:6, 11, 17; Deut 14:22-29; Deut 26:12 (developed legislation)","Mal 3:8-10 (post-exilic indictment)","Gen 28:22 (Jacob's Bethel tithe — structural parallel)","Marseilles Tariff KAI 69 (Phoenician sacrificial-tithe)"],"reasoning":"'Tithe of all' matches ASV. The va-yiten-lo direction-of-giving is grammatically ambiguous but the consensus reading (Abram → Melchizedek, supported by Heb 7:2 and patristic/rabbinic/modern critical traditions) is correctly adopted. First-occurrence status and pre-Sinai/pre-Aaronic locus are direct structural facts. ANE parallels and Heb 7 reception properly flagged."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:21","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:22","status":"approve","citations":["Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973), pp. 50-60","Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism (2001), pp. 135-148","Smith, The Early History of God (2nd ed. 2002)","Albertz, A History of Israelite Religion (1994)","Mullen, The Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature (1980)","Westermann (1985), p. 208 (textual variant)","Alt, Der Gott der Väter (1929)","Exod 6:2-3; Gen 21:33; Gen 31:13; Gen 35:7; Gen 33:20 (Genesis El-YHWH harmonization pattern)","LXX Gen 14:22 (kyrion ton theon ton hypsiston); Samaritan Pentateuch; Targum Onkelos; Vulgate (uniform appositional reading)"],"reasoning":"'YHWH, El Elyon, creator of heaven and earth' preserves the Hebrew construction (no waw between the names) with comma-apposition, matching ASV's 'Jehovah, God Most High'. The appositional reading is uncontested across LXX, Samaritan Pentateuch, Targum Onkelos, and Vulgate. The harmonization-pattern reading (Cross, Smith, Albertz) is mainstream modern critical scholarship. The textual variant (some Samaritan/Peshitta witnesses omitting YHWH) is direct manuscript evidence and is correctly flagged as redactional shadow. Lens does not preempt the editorial-syncretism reading; the modern critical scholarship supplies it."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:23","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-14:24","status":"approve","citations":["ASV (1901); BDB on the verse's lexical items; matches MT Westminster Leningrad parsing"],"reasoning":"Narrative-bridge verse. English tracks Hebrew word-by-word and matches ASV consensus. No lexical decisions of lens-leverage; no glossary entries triggered."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"refaim-giant-peoples","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann (1985) pp. 195-196; Sarna (1989) p. 105; Wenham (1987) pp. 311-312; Hamilton (1990) p. 403","Deut 2:10-11, 2:20-21, 3:11; Num 13:33 (direct cross-references)","BDB / HALOT on Refa'im (two-sense distinction); Greenfield (1973); L'Heureux, Rank Among the Canaanite Gods (1979); Pope, Job AB (1965) on Ugaritic rpʾum"],"reasoning":"Inferred claim_type is correctly assigned: the Deut 2-3 equivalences and Num 13:33 Anakim-Nephilim link are grammatically explicit in those verses, but reading the Gen 14:5 list as part of the chain is a scholarly synthesis across verses. The synthesis is mainstream-consensus. The two-sense Refa'im distinction (giant-peoples / shades-of-dead) is properly tracked. The lens-relevant connection back to the Gen 6 Nephilim is registered as the chain that the HB's own narrative connective tissue establishes — not as project-distinctive synthesis."},{"glossary_id":"ha-ivri-hebrew-etymology","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna (1989) p. 107; Cassuto (1964) p. 201","Greenberg, The Hab/piru (1955); Bottéro, Le problème des Habiru (1954); Na'aman, JNES (1986); Rainey (1995); Lemche (1998)","Speiser, AB Genesis (1964) pp. 102-103; Westermann (1985) pp. 195-196","Amarna EA 286-290 (habiru in Jerusalem letters); LXX Gen 14:13 (peratēs); Josh 24:2-3 (eber ha-nahar)"],"reasoning":"Direct claim_type is correctly assigned: the three-reading dispute is itself directly attested (each reading has textual support — Eber in Gen 10-11; eber in Josh 24:2 and LXX peratēs; habiru in Amarna and Mari and Nuzi corpora) and the entry does not commit to one reading. The corpus-distribution observation (foreigners-to-Israelites pattern across Gen 39, 40, 41, 43 + Exod) is grammatically explicit and significant."},{"glossary_id":"chanikhav-hapax-318","status":"approve","citations":["BDB on ch-n-k root (dedicate / inaugurate / train-up)","Albright, Archaeology of Palestine (1949); Lambdin (1953); Sarna (1989) p. 108; Wenham (1987) p. 313; Hamilton (1990) p. 404","b. Nedarim 32a; b. Bava Batra 16a; Bereshit Rabbah 43:2 (gematria-Eliezer reception)","Gen 17:12-13, 17:23, 17:27 (yelid bayit vs. miqnat kesef formal distinction)"],"reasoning":"Inferred claim_type is correctly assigned: the hapax sense cannot be fully settled from internal Hebrew evidence; the synthesis (trained armed retainers) leans on the ch-n-k root range plus the Egyptian ḥnk Middle Kingdom parallel. The gematria-Eliezer tradition is properly flagged as downstream-reception, not adopted as a translation principle."},{"glossary_id":"melchizedek","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann (1985) pp. 203-205; Sarna (1989) p. 109; Wenham (1987) p. 316; Hamilton (1990) p. 409","Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973) pp. 207-209","Horton, The Melchizedek Tradition (1976); Kobelski, Melchizedek and Melchireša' (1981); Mason, You Are a Priest Forever (2008)","KTU 1.123 (Ugaritic Ṣdq + Mšr); Eusebius, Praep. Ev. 1.10 (Sanchuniathon's Sydyk); Josh 10:1, 10:3 (Adoni-Tzedek)","11QMelchizedek (= 11Q13); Hebrews 5-7; b. Nedarim 32b (Shem-identification, properly flagged downstream)"],"reasoning":"Direct claim_type correctly assigned to the name itself (Malki-Tzedek is grammatically explicit at Gen 14:18, Ps 110:4; its two-element compound structure is direct). Both name-readings (theophoric / honorific) are presented without commitment. The Adoni-Tzedek parallel at Josh 10:1, 10:3 is direct attestation of pre-Israelite Jerusalem Tzedek-theophoric king-names. All three downstream-reception streams (11QMelch, Heb 5-7, rabbinic Shem-identification) properly flagged as post-biblical."},{"glossary_id":"melekh-shalem-jerusalem","status":"approve","citations":["Ps 76:3 (Shalem-Zion bicola parallelism — internal HB attestation)","1QapGen col. 22 (l'Shalem hi Yerushalem)","Josephus, Antiquities 1.180; Targum Onkelos on Gen 14:18; LXX Gen 14:18 (Salem)","Egyptian Execration Texts (Rušalimum, 19th-18th c. BCE); Amarna EA 285-290 (Urusalim); Sennacherib annals (Ursalimmu)","KTU 1.23 (Ugaritic Shaḥar and Shalim text)","Westermann (1985) pp. 203-204; Sarna (1989) p. 109; Wenham (1987) pp. 316-317; Hamilton (1990) pp. 408-409"],"reasoning":"Direct claim_type correctly assigned. The Jerusalem identification is anchored in the canonical Ps 76:3 parallelism (Shalem//Zion) and in 1QapGen — both direct internal HB / early-reception evidence. The minority readings (independent site near Shechem; divine-epithet) are reported with appropriate weight. The pre-Israelite Urusalim/Yerushalayim philological history is accurately presented."},{"glossary_id":"kohen-first-melchizedek","status":"approve","citations":["Hebrew Bible lexical search: kohen first occurrence verifiable at Gen 14:18","Exod 28:1, 29:1-37; Lev 8 (Aaronic priesthood establishment) — direct chronological evidence for pre-Aaronic locus","Phoenician khn (Karatepe and elsewhere); Aramaic kahna; Arabic kāhin (cognate cultic terminology)","Ps 110:4; Zech 6:9-15 (combined-office figures); 2 Sam 8:18 vs. 1 Chr 18:17 (redactional discomfort with Davidic kohanim)","Hebrews 5-7 (post-biblical reception, properly flagged)"],"reasoning":"Direct claim_type correctly assigned. All four structural facts (first-occurrence, non-Israelite, pre-Aaronic/pre-Sinaitic, combined king-priest office) are grammatically explicit at Gen 14:18 and verifiable by lexical/structural search. The l-El-Elyon-not-l-YHWH collocation is grammatically direct. The Heb 5-7 reception is properly flagged."},{"glossary_id":"el-elyon","status":"approve","citations":["Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973), pp. 13-75 (El in Ugaritic and the patriarchal El-religion)","Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism (2001), pp. 41-66, 135-148","Smith, The Early History of God (2nd ed. 2002)","Alt, Der Gott der Väter (1929)","Mullen, The Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature (1980)","Skehan, BASOR 136 (1959), pp. 12-15 (Deut 32:8 DSS reading at 4QDeut^j and 4QDeut^q)","Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed. 2012)","Tigay, JPS Deuteronomy (1996), Excursus 31","Eusebius, Praep. Ev. 1.10 (Sanchuniathon's Elioun/Hypsistos)","NRSV and NJPS on Deut 32:8 (adopt DSS reading)"],"reasoning":"**The chapter's load-bearing call.** Direct claim_type correctly assigned. The entry's posture is precisely right: the West-Semitic *El*+*Elyon* compound, the Sanchuniathon Elioun/Hypsistos attestation, the Alt 1929 / Cross 1973 patriarchal-El-religion reconstruction, and the Deut 32:8 DSS bnei-Elohim reading (Skehan 1959, Tov 2012, Tigay 1996; adopted by NRSV and NJPS) are **all explicitly framed as mainstream modern critical scholarship**, not as Wheel of Heaven synthesis. The rationale's closing paragraph correctly distinguishes the name itself (direct) from the West-Semitic-pantheon framework (scholarly synthesis but mainstream consensus). The lens-relevant divine-council reading lives in the modern critical scholarship the entry cites; the entry does not extend or preempt it. The 'El Elyon' transliteration is consistent with the WoH glossary convention (cf. el-shaddai entry). This is the most carefully framed high-lens-leverage entry in the Genesis project to date."},{"glossary_id":"koneh-shamayim-va-aretz","status":"downgrade-claim-type","citations":["BDB / HALOT / NIDOTTE vol. 3 pp. 940-942 on q-n-h","Cross (1973) pp. 15-18, 50-52 (Ugaritic El qny ʾrṣ)","Smith (2001) on the inherited West-Semitic epithet","Karatepe KAI 26 (Phoenician ʾl qn ʾrṣ); Elkunirsa myth (Hittite-Hurrian)","Deut 32:6; Ps 139:13; Prov 8:22 (internal create-sense attestations)","NRSV / NJPS / NIV / Alter / Speiser (creator/maker); ASV / KJV / RSV (possessor)"],"reasoning":"The lexical-philological data in the entry (q-n-h duality, Ugaritic/Phoenician/Hittite-Hurrian parallels, internal create-sense at Deut 32:6 / Ps 139:13 / Prov 8:22) is correct and well-cited; the claim_type=direct designation is appropriate for the lexical facts. However, the entry effectively packages a translation-choice decision (English 'possessor') against the modern critical consensus (English 'creator/maker') and the rationale's own argument acknowledges the consensus shift. The lexical-data layer is direct; the wohChoice ('possessor') is itself a translation-judgment that sits at the inferred level relative to the modern critical consensus. Recommendation: keep the lexical-data layer as direct, but make the wohChoice ratification a human-sign-off item (linked to the v 19 flag-for-human verdict). If the project ratifies 'possessor', the direct designation is justified; if it ratifies 'creator/maker' per modern critical consensus, the entry can stay direct with the wohChoice updated. The downgrade is procedural, not substantive."},{"glossary_id":"maaser-first-pre-sinai","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna (1989) pp. 109, 200; Wenham (1987) pp. 317-318","Lev 27:30-33; Num 18:21-32; Deut 12:6, 11, 17; Deut 14:22-29; Deut 26:12; Mal 3:8-10 (developed and post-exilic tithe-legislation)","Gen 28:22 (Jacob's Bethel tithe — direct structural parallel)","Marseilles Tariff KAI 69; Ugaritic mʿšr (ANE comparative tithe corpus)","Hebrews 7:1-10 (post-biblical Christian reception, properly flagged)"],"reasoning":"Direct claim_type correctly assigned. First-occurrence status, pre-Sinai locus, and the developed-legislation cross-references are all grammatically explicit. The va-yiten-lo direction-of-giving consensus reading (Abram → Melchizedek) is correct. The Gen 28:22 Jacob-tithe structural parallel is direct. The Heb 7 reception is properly flagged as post-biblical, not preempted."},{"glossary_id":"yhwh-el-elyon-apposition","status":"approve","citations":["Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973), pp. 50-60","Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism (2001), pp. 135-148","Smith, The Early History of God (2nd ed. 2002)","Albertz, A History of Israelite Religion (1994)","Westermann (1985) p. 208 (textual variant analysis)","Alt, Der Gott der Väter (1929)","LXX Gen 14:22; Samaritan Pentateuch; Targum Onkelos; Vulgate (uniform appositional reading)","Exod 6:2-3 (programmatic El-Shaddai → YHWH harmonization); Gen 21:33 (El Olam); Gen 31:13, 35:7 (El Bethel); Gen 33:20 (El Elohei Yisra'el)"],"reasoning":"Direct claim_type correctly assigned. The appositional construction is grammatically explicit (no waw, no construct), and the uniform appositional reading across LXX, Samaritan Pentateuch, Targum Onkelos, and Vulgate is direct documentary evidence. The harmonization-pattern reading (Cross 1973, Smith 2001, Albertz 1994) is mainstream modern critical scholarship — framed accurately as such, without preempting WoH-distinctive readings. The textual variant (some Samaritan/Peshitta witnesses omitting YHWH) is direct manuscript evidence and is correctly flagged as redactional shadow. The cross-reference set (Exod 6:3, Gen 21:33, 31:13, 35:7, 33:20) demonstrating the corpus-wide pattern is grammatically explicit at each cited verse."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[]}},
    "segments": [],
    "lines": [],
    "paragraphs": [{
        "n": 1,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:1",
        "text": "And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goyim,"
      },{
        "n": 2,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:2",
        "text": "that they made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Amorah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Tzeboim, and the king of Bela (the same is Tsoar)."
      },{
        "n": 3,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:3",
        "text": "All these joined together at the Valley of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea)."
      },{
        "n": 4,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:4",
        "text": "Twelve years they served Kedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled."
      },{
        "n": 5,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:5",
        "text": "And in the fourteenth year Kedorlaomer came, and the kings who were with him, and struck the Refa'im in Ashteroth-karnaim, and the Zuzim in Ham, and the Emim in Shaveh-kiryathaim,"
      },{
        "n": 6,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:6",
        "text": "and the Horites in their Mount Seir, as far as El-paran, which is by the wilderness."
      },{
        "n": 7,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:7",
        "text": "And they turned back and came to En-mishpat (the same is Kadesh), and struck all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorite who dwelt in Hazazon-tamar."
      },{
        "n": 8,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:8",
        "text": "And the king of Sodom went out, and the king of Amorah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Tzeboim, and the king of Bela (the same is Tsoar); and they set the battle in array against them in the Valley of Siddim;"
      },{
        "n": 9,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:9",
        "text": "against Kedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goyim, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar — four kings against the five."
      },{
        "n": 10,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:10",
        "text": "Now the Valley of Siddim was full of bitumen pits; and the kings of Sodom and Amorah fled, and they fell there, and those who remained fled to the mountain."
      },{
        "n": 11,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:11",
        "text": "And they took all the goods of Sodom and Amorah, and all their food, and went their way."
      },{
        "n": 12,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:12",
        "text": "And they took Lot, Abram's brother's son, who dwelt in Sodom, and his goods, and departed."
      },{
        "n": 13,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:13",
        "text": "And the fugitive came and told Abram the Hebrew. Now he dwelt by the oaks of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshkol and brother of Aner; and these were confederate with Abram."
      },{
        "n": 14,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:14",
        "text": "And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, he led forth his trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far as Dan."
      },{
        "n": 15,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:15",
        "text": "And he divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and struck them, and pursued them as far as Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus."
      },{
        "n": 16,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:16",
        "text": "And he brought back all the goods, and also brought back his brother Lot and his goods, and the women also, and the people."
      },{
        "n": 17,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:17",
        "text": "And the king of Sodom went out to meet him, after his return from the smiting of Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, at the Valley of Shaveh (the same is the King's Valley)."
      },{
        "n": 18,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:18",
        "text": "And Melchizedek king of Shalem brought out bread and wine; and he was priest of El Elyon."
      },{
        "n": 19,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:19",
        "text": "And he blessed him and said, \"Blessed be Abram of El Elyon, creator of heaven and earth;"
      },{
        "n": 20,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:20",
        "text": "and blessed be El Elyon, who has delivered your enemies into your hand.\" And he gave him a tithe of all."
      },{
        "n": 21,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:21",
        "text": "And the king of Sodom said to Abram, \"Give me the persons, and take the goods for yourself.\""
      },{
        "n": 22,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:22",
        "text": "And Abram said to the king of Sodom, \"I have lifted up my hand to YHWH, El Elyon, creator of heaven and earth,"
      },{
        "n": 23,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:23",
        "text": "that I will not take a thread nor a sandal-strap nor anything that is yours, lest you should say, 'I have made Abram rich';"
      },{
        "n": 24,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-14:24",
        "text": "save only that which the young men have eaten, and the portion of the men who went with me — Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre — let them take their portion."
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/chapters/14",
    "book": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/",
    "chapters": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/chapters/",
    "library": "/v1/library/",
    "schema": "/v1/schema/book/"
  }
}