{
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "kind": "Chapter",
  "metadata": {
    "generated": "2026-08-22T14:14:13Z",
    "language": "en",
    "book": "genesis-woh",
    "chapter": 18
  },
  "data": {
    "n": 18,
    "bookSlug": "genesis-woh",
    "bookCode": "GEN-WOH",
    "refId": "",
    "title": "Genesis 18 — The three visitors at Mamre and Avraham's intercession for Sodom",
    "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Tanach with Ta'amei Hamikra (Westminster Leningrad)","sourceLicense":"Public Domain","sourceUrl":"http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml","sourceAccessedVia":"sefaria.org/api/v3/texts/Genesis.18","glossaryVersion":"2.15.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-05-23T15:30:00+00:00","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:1","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 128","Westermann Genesis 12-36 (Hermeneia) 1985 pp. 271-275"],"reasoning":"Niphal va-yera + divine-name YHWH + locative b-elonei Mamre: ASV-baseline rendering correct. The singular-divine-name framing of v 1 is preserved literally and sets up the v 2 reframing without smoothing."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:2","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 275-281","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 128-131","Hamori When Gods Were Men BZAW 384 (2008) chs 3-4","Sommer The Bodies of God 2009","Letellier Day in Mamre, Night in Sodom 1995"],"reasoning":"Shloshah anashim nitzavim alav rendered as the ASV-baseline three men stood over against him. The keystone glossary entry presents the four modern critical positions (Westermann J-document, Sarna literary-effect, Hamori anthropomorphic realism, Sommer fluidity, Letellier diptych) in parallel without preempting any; Christian Trinity reception (Heb 13:2, Augustine De Trinitate II.10-11, Rublev icon ca. 1411) flagged as downstream-not-preempted. Translation commits to none of the positions; oscillation preserved literally."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:3","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 129"],"reasoning":"Singular adonai preserved as singular my lord (not smoothed to plural my lords with NJPS). The singular-plural oscillation across vv 2-5 is preserved as established by the keystone entry."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:4","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 129"],"reasoning":"Plural imperatives va-rachatzu / v-hisha'anu rendered as wash your feet / rest yourselves; the plural is preserved against the singular adonai of v 3 without harmonization."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:5","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 p. 278"],"reasoning":"Va-y-amru plural verb preserved as and they said. Conventional ANE hospitality scene rendered in the literal register."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:6","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 129"],"reasoning":"Shalosh seim qemach solet rendered three measures of fine meal per consensus; no philological dispute."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:7","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 129"],"reasoning":"Ben-baqar rakh va-tov rendered a calf tender and good per ASV-baseline; consensus rendering."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:8","status":"approve","citations":["Hamori When Gods Were Men BZAW 384 (2008) chs 3-4","Sommer The Bodies of God 2009","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 278-279","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 129-130"],"reasoning":"Va-yokhelu rendered unhedged as and they ate per ASV-baseline. Hamori 2008's anthropomorphic-realism reading and Sommer 2009's fluidity model are correctly cited; Tob 12:19 LXX harmonizing gloss and Judg 13:15-20 corpus-internal contrast properly documented. No editorial smoothing or parenthetical hedge. Translation is defensible to a J-source critical scholar, to a Catholic-traditional reader, and to a comparative-religion reader equally."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:9","status":"approve","citations":["Tov Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible 3rd ed. 2012 §6.B.5","McCarthy The Tiqqune Sopherim (OBO 36) 1981","Yeivin Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah 1980 §80-81","b. Bava Metzia 87a","Bereshit Rabbah 48:15","Sofrim 6:3"],"reasoning":"Va-yomru elav rendered as and they said to him per ASV-baseline; the four supralinear dots over aleph-lamed-yod-vav are physically preserved in the consonantal text and recorded in the apparatus. The puncta entry presents the rabbinic interpretive reading (b. Bava Metzia 87a; Bereshit Rabbah 48:15) and the modern text-critical editorial-flag reading (Tov 2012 §6.B.5; McCarthy 1981; Yeivin 1980) in parallel; standard 15-verse list is correctly enumerated. Note that the entry correctly observes LXX/SamP/Vulgate/Targumim all preserve elav, weakening the text-critical omission-variant interpretation in this specific case."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:10","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 130","HALOT s.v. chayah","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 p. 280"],"reasoning":"Ka-et chayah rendered as when the season comes around — a defensible compromise preserving the chayah lexeme's cyclical-return sense without committing mechanically to the temporal-only reading (NJPS next year at this season) or the gestational reading (ASV according to the time of life). 2 Kgs 4:16-17 parallel correctly noted."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:11","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 130"],"reasoning":"Orach ka-nashim rendered after the manner of women per ASV-baseline; consensus rendering."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:12","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 130"],"reasoning":"Va-titzchaq Sarah b-kirbah preserves the Yitzchaq-name laughter-pattern (cross-referenced to the existing yitzchaq-name-etymology-laughter-pattern entry). Standard rendering."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:13","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 130"],"reasoning":"Lammah zeh tzachaqah Sarah rendered per ASV-baseline; YHWH speaks in singular (the chapter's named-singular voice within the oscillation)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:14","status":"approve","citations":["HALOT s.v. pala","BDB §6381","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 130-131","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 280-281","Brown The Birth of the Messiah 1977","Fitzmyer Anchor Luke 1981"],"reasoning":"Ha-yipale me-YHWH davar rendered as is anything too wonderful for YHWH? — NRSV-aligned, preserves the pala lexeme's beyond-ordinary-capacity sense rather than collapsing to hardness-metaphor (ASV/NIV too hard). The cross-corpus distribution (Deut 17:8, 30:11; Jer 32:17, 32:27; Zech 8:6) is verbatim. Luke 1:37 LXX-aligned echo correctly identified and flagged as downstream Greek reception."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:15","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 131"],"reasoning":"Va-tekhachesh Sarah … lo tzachaqti / lo ki tzachaqt rendered per ASV-baseline; the doubled-tzachaq concludes the laughter-naming wordplay around Yitzchaq."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:16","status":"approve","citations":["Letellier Day in Mamre, Night in Sodom 1995"],"reasoning":"Va-yaqumu mi-sham ha-anashim rendered with plural ha-anashim as the men rose up — the chapter's transitional verse from the Mamre scene to the Sodom-bound journey. Plural preserved."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:17","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 131","Brueggemann Genesis (Interpretation) 1982"],"reasoning":"Ha-mkhaseh ani me-Avraham rendered as the YHWH-soliloquy opener per ASV-baseline. The divine-disclosure-to-the-prophet pattern (cf. Amos 3:7) is the structural backbone of vv 17-21."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:18","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 285-286"],"reasoning":"V-nivrekhu vo kol goyei ha-aretz rendered shall be blessed in him; the existing nivrakhu-bekha-niphal-hithpael glossary entry governs the niphal/hithpael blessing-form debate. ASV-baseline preserved."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:19","status":"approve","citations":["Weinfeld Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East 1995","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 288-290","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 131","Brueggemann Theology of the Old Testament 1997 pp. 735-742"],"reasoning":"Tzedakah u-mishpat rendered as righteousness and justice per ASV-baseline hendiadys order. The entry correctly identifies this as the first Hebrew Bible occurrence of the canonical justice-pair and documents the cross-corpus distribution (Amos 5:24; Isa 1:21, 5:7, 28:17, 32:16-17; Jer 22:3, 22:15, 23:5; Ezek 18; Hos 2:21; Mic 6:8; Ps 33:5, 72:1-2, 89:14, 97:2, 99:4; Prov 1:3, 8:20, 21:3). Weinfeld 1995 ANE comparative framework (Akk kittum u misharum) correctly cited."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:20","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 131-132","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 287-288","HALOT s.v. zaaq, tsaaq","BDB §2201, §6818"],"reasoning":"Za'aqat Sodom rendered as the outcry of Sodom — preserves the za'aqah lexeme's forensic-judicial edge (NRSV/NJPS-aligned, departing from ASV's colorless cry). The outcry-against-Sodom reading (cry of the oppressed reaching the divine; corroborated by Ezek 16:49's characterization of Sodom's sin as oppression of the poor) is mainstream consensus. Cross-corpus chain Gen 4:10 → Exod 2:23-25, 3:7-9 → Exod 22:22-24 → 1 Sam 9:16 → James 5:4 is verbatim or near-verbatim at each link."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:21","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 132, 81","Westermann Genesis 1-11 1984 pp. 547-548","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 287-288","Niditch Chaos to Cosmos 1985","Hamori When Gods Were Men BZAW 384 (2008) chs 3-4"],"reasoning":"Erdah-na v-er'eh rendered as I will go down now, and see per ASV-baseline. The divine-descent-to-investigate entry (claim_type=direct) is defensible: the yarad cohortative/imperfect + ra'ah pattern is grammatically explicit at every cited verse (Gen 11:5, 11:7, 18:21, Exod 3:8, 19:11/18/20); the Babel-Sodom verbal parallel is editorially deliberate and mainstream-scholarly (Westermann 1984; Sarna 1989). Entry terminates at Hamori's spatial-anthropomorphism reading; no WoH-distinctive lens injected into the entry rationale."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:22","status":"approve","citations":["McCarthy The Tiqqune Sopherim (OBO 36) 1981","Tov Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible 3rd ed. 2012 §6.B.3 pp. 64-65","Würthwein The Text of the Old Testament 2nd ed. 1995 pp. 18-19","Yeivin Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah 1980","b. Megillah 25b","Bereshit Rabbah 49:7","Tanchuma Yashan Beshallach 16","Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael Shirta 6 on Exod 15:7"],"reasoning":"V-Avraham odenu omed lifnei YHWH preserved per MT and ASV-baseline; the tiqun-attested original (v-YHWH odenu omed lifnei Avraham) recorded in the apparatus per established WoH textual-conservative practice. The tiqun-soferim entry presents McCarthy's conservative-traditional reading (actual scribal emendations) and Tov's skeptical reading (retrospective rabbinic interpretive flag) in parallel; standard 18-verse list including Gen 18:22 is correctly enumerated; rabbinic sources (b. Megillah 25b, Bereshit Rabbah 49:7, Tanchuma Yashan Beshallach 16, Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael) accurately cited. The observation that no LXX/Samaritan/Qumran/Targumic witness preserves the alternative reading is textually correct."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:23","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 132-133","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 290-292"],"reasoning":"Va-yigash Avraham va-yomar rendered as Avraham drew near and said per ASV-baseline; opens the intercession-pericope. The nagash verb's cultic-approach overtone is part of the intercession-entry framing."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:24","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"Ulai yesh chamishim tzadiqim rendered per ASV-baseline as perhaps there are fifty righteous; opens the descending-bargaining sequence."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:25","status":"approve","citations":["Brueggemann Genesis (Interpretation) 1982","Brueggemann Theology of the Old Testament 1997 pp. 384-389","Childs Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context 1985","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 292-294","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"Ha-shofet kol ha-aretz lo ya'aseh mishpat rendered shall not the Judge of all the earth do justice? per ASV-baseline. The intercession-bargaining entry correctly identifies this as the foundational HB articulation of the divine-bound-by-mishpat principle and grounds the cross-corpus intercession-tradition (Exod 32:11-14 Moses; Num 14:13-20; 1 Sam 12:23 Samuel with chalilah verbal echo; Amos 7:1-9; Ezek 9:8, 11:13; Job 42:8-10). The shofet kol ha-aretz universal-judicial-competence framing is defensible to a Trinity-affirming Christian reader, a Westermann-school critical scholar, and a Conservative Jewish reader equally."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:26","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"V-nasati l-khol ha-maqom ba'avuram rendered I will spare all the place for their sake per ASV-baseline; YHWH's first affirmative response in the bargaining sequence."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:27","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 132-133","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 291-292","Clines Job 21-37 (WBC) 2006 on Job 30:19","Clines Job 38-42 (WBC) 2011 on Job 42:6"],"reasoning":"V-anokhi afar va-efer rendered as who am but dust and ashes per ASV-baseline. The afar-va-efer compound is correctly identified as occurring only three times in the Hebrew Bible (Gen 18:27, Job 30:19, Job 42:6); cross-reference to the existing em-as-v-nikhamti-al-afar-va-efer Job 42:6 entry preserved. The Ash Wednesday memento homo reception (Latin Christian penitential tradition) is flagged as downstream Latin and is not preempted."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:28","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"Yachs'run chamishim ha-tzadiqim chamishah rendered there shall lack five of the fifty per ASV-baseline; second step in the descending sequence (50→45)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:29","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"Ulai yimatzun sham arba'im rendered perhaps there shall be forty found there per ASV-baseline; third step (45→40)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:30","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"Al-na yichar la-Adonai va-adabrah rendered oh let not my Lord be angry, and I will speak per ASV-baseline; the reverence-formula escalation marker. Fourth step (40→30)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:31","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133"],"reasoning":"Hineh-na ho'alti l-daber el-Adonai rendered behold now, I have taken upon myself to speak to my Lord per ASV-baseline; fifth step (30→20)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:32","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 133","Bereshit Rabbah 49:13"],"reasoning":"Va-adabrah akh-ha-pa'am rendered I will speak just this once per ASV-baseline; final step (20→10). The 10 as bargaining-endpoint is editorially marked; the post-biblical minyan-threshold interpretation (Bereshit Rabbah 49:13) is illuminating but not preempted in the translation."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-18:33","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 134","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 p. 296"],"reasoning":"Va-yelekh YHWH … v-Avraham shav li-mqomo rendered and YHWH went his way … Avraham returned to his place per ASV-baseline; the pericope's closing transition. The chapter ends with the singular YHWH-named voice departing."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"shloshah-anashim-three-visitors-theophany","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann Genesis 12-36 (Hermeneia) 1985 pp. 271-281","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 128-131","Letellier Day in Mamre, Night in Sodom (Brill Biblical Interpretation Series 10) 1995","Hamori When Gods Were Men: Biblical Theophany and Anthropomorphic Realism (BZAW 384) 2008 chs 3-4","Sommer The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel 2009","Wenham WBC Genesis 16-50 1994 pp. 41-46","Hamilton NICOT Genesis 18-50 1995 pp. 5-28","Augustine De Trinitate II.10-11","Andrei Rublev Trinity icon (Tret'iakov Gallery) ca. 1411","Bauckham The God of Israel and Christian Theology 1998"],"reasoning":"KEYSTONE ENTRY VERIFIED at the highest credentialed-scholar bar. The four modern critical positions (Westermann J-document theophany; Sarna literary-effect; Hamori anthropomorphic realism; Sommer fluidity; Letellier Mamre-Sodom diptych) are presented in parallel with no position preempted. Christian Trinity reception (Heb 13:2 hospitality of strangers; Augustine De Trinitate II.10-11; Eastern-Orthodox iconographic tradition culminating in Rublev's icon ca. 1411) is correctly named with dates and references, and flagged as downstream-not-preempted. No WoH-distinctive synthesis injected into the entry rationale; the entry reads as mainstream scholarship on a contested theophany. Cross-reference to malakh-yhwh-messenger for Gen 19:1 shnei ha-malakhim is editorially correct. claim_type=direct is justified: the singular-plural oscillation is grammatically explicit at every cited verse and the v 22 split is documentary. The entry is defensible to a Trinity-affirming Christian reader, a Westermann-school critical scholar, a Sommer-school comparative-religionist, and a Conservative Jewish reader equally."},{"glossary_id":"divine-eating-anthropomorphism","status":"approve","citations":["Hamori When Gods Were Men (BZAW 384) 2008 chs 3-4","Sommer The Bodies of God 2009","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 278-279","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 129-130","Judges 13:15-20 corpus-internal contrast","Tobit 12:19 LXX harmonizing gloss","1 Corinthians 10:18-21 reception"],"reasoning":"Va-yokhelu correctly identified as qal waw-consec 3mp of akhal — the ordinary verb for human eating. Hamori 2008 anthropomorphic-realism reading correctly developed; contrast with Judg 13:15-20 Manoah-refusal scene and Tob 12:19 harmonizing gloss properly framed. 1 Cor 10:18-21 reception appropriately hedged. The unhedged eating at Gen 19:3 (Lot's house) correctly noted as parallel. claim_type=direct is justified: the verb form is grammatically explicit and the contrast-set is documentary. No project-specific extension into the entry rationale."},{"glossary_id":"ka-et-chayah-time-of-life","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 130","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 p. 280","HALOT s.v. chayah","2 Kings 4:16-17 verbatim parallel"],"reasoning":"Ka-et chayah formula correctly identified as occurring only at Gen 18:10/14 and 2 Kgs 4:16-17 (Elisha-Shunammite). The two readings (temporal next-year-at-this-season vs. gestational time-of-life) presented in parallel; modern consensus toward the temporal reading correctly identified with the gestational reading preserved as possible nuance. WoH choice when the season comes around is a defensible compromise preserving the chayah lexeme without committing mechanically. claim_type=direct is justified."},{"glossary_id":"hayipale-davar-formula","status":"approve","citations":["HALOT s.v. pala","BDB §6381","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 130","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 280-281","Deut 17:8; 30:11; Jer 32:17, 32:27; Zech 8:6 — verbatim cross-corpus","Brown The Birth of the Messiah 1977 on Luke 1:37","Fitzmyer Anchor Luke 1981"],"reasoning":"Yipale correctly parsed as niphal imperfect 3ms of pala with the lexical core be wonderful / surpassing / beyond ordinary capacity (not be hard). Cross-corpus distribution (Deut 17:8 — human-judicial application; Deut 30:11 — counterposed not-too-wonderful-for-you; Jer 32:17 — Jeremiah confession; Jer 32:27 — YHWH verbal mirror of Gen 18:14; Zech 8:6 — post-exilic remnant application) is verbatim or near-verbatim and editorially deliberate. Luke 1:37 LXX-aligned reception (me adynatesei para to theo rhema) correctly identified. claim_type=direct is justified. The WoH translation choice too wonderful is one of the intentional non-ASV-baseline choices and is lexically defensible."},{"glossary_id":"tzedakah-u-mishpat-justice-pair","status":"approve","citations":["Weinfeld Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East 1995","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 288-290","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 p. 131","Brueggemann Theology of the Old Testament 1997 pp. 735-742","HALOT s.v. tzedakah, mishpat"],"reasoning":"Tzedakah u-mishpat correctly identified as the first HB occurrence of the foundational justice-pair. Cross-corpus distribution across the prophets (Amos 5:24; Isa 1:21, 5:7, 28:17, 32:16-17; Jer 22:3, 22:15, 23:5; Ezek 18; Hos 2:21; Mic 6:8) and the Psalter (33:5, 72:1-2, 89:14, 97:2, 99:4) and the wisdom literature (Prov 1:3, 8:20, 21:3) is verbatim. Weinfeld 1995's ANE comparative framework (Akkadian kittum u misharum) is correctly cited. The hendiadys-reading is mainstream consensus. claim_type=direct is justified."},{"glossary_id":"zaaqah-outcry-of-the-oppressed","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 131-132","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 287-288","HALOT s.v. zaaq, tsaaq","BDB §2201, §6818","Ezek 16:49 corroboration"],"reasoning":"Za'aqah / tza'aqah doublet correctly identified; cross-corpus chain Gen 4:10 (Abel — first occurrence framing all subsequent uses) → Exod 2:23-25, 3:7-9 (Egypt — verbatim formula ba'ah elai) → Exod 22:22-24 (widow-and-orphan formula) → 1 Sam 9:16 → James 5:4 (labor-injustice continuation) is verbatim. The outcry-against-Sodom reading (cry of victims, not of perpetrators) is mainstream consensus and corroborated by Ezek 16:49's characterization of Sodom's sin as oppression of the poor. WoH translation outcry (NRSV/NJPS-aligned, departing from ASV cry) is lexically defensible. claim_type=direct is justified."},{"glossary_id":"divine-descent-to-investigate-pattern","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann Genesis 1-11 1984 pp. 547-548 on the Babel-Sodom parallel","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 287-288","Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 132, 81","Niditch Chaos to Cosmos 1985","Hamori When Gods Were Men 2008"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct verdict UPHELD. The yarad cohortative/imperfect + ra'ah/yatza pattern is grammatically explicit at every cited verse (Gen 11:5, 11:7, 18:21, Exod 3:8, 19:11/18/20); the Babel-Sodom verbal parallel is editorially deliberate and mainstream-scholarly. The entry terminates at Hamori's J-source spatial-anthropomorphism reading and explicitly disclaims further interpretive move (the WoH translation makes no further interpretive move beyond the established scholarly register). The lens-relevant downstream synthesis stays out of the entry rationale; the entry is defensible at the lexical-philological level."},{"glossary_id":"tiqun-soferim-yhwh-stood-before-abraham","status":"approve","citations":["McCarthy The Tiqqune Sopherim and Other Theological Corrections in the Masoretic Text of the Old Testament (OBO 36) 1981","Tov Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible 3rd ed. 2012 §6.B.3 pp. 64-65","Würthwein The Text of the Old Testament 2nd ed. 1995 pp. 18-19","Yeivin Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah (SBL) 1980","b. Megillah 25b","Bereshit Rabbah 49:7","Tanchuma Yashan Beshallach 16","Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael Shirta 6 on Exod 15:7"],"reasoning":"MASORAH-TRADITION VERIFIED. The tiqune soferim tradition for Gen 18:22 is accurately described. All four primary rabbinic sources (b. Megillah 25b, Bereshit Rabbah 49:7, Tanchuma Yashan Beshallach 16, Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael Shirta 6 on Exod 15:7) accurately cited. The kinah ha-katuv technical formula introducing the tiqune soferim is correctly identified. The standard 18-verse list including Gen 18:22 is correctly enumerated. McCarthy 1981 conservative-traditional reading (actual scribal emendations) and Tov 2012 §6.B.3 skeptical reading (retrospective rabbinic interpretive flag) presented in parallel with mediating modern position also documented. The textual-witness observation (no LXX/Samaritan/Qumran/Targumic witness preserves the alternative reading) is correct. MT reading preserved per established WoH textual-conservative practice. claim_type=direct is justified."},{"glossary_id":"abraham-intercession-bargaining","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 132-134","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 290-296","Brueggemann Genesis (Interpretation) 1982","Brueggemann Theology of the Old Testament 1997 pp. 384-389","Childs Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context 1985","Alter Genesis 1996 pp. 81-84","Bereshit Rabbah 49:13 on the minyan-threshold"],"reasoning":"The pericope (vv 22-33) is correctly identified as the foundational HB intercession-pericope. The v 25 universal-judicial-competence formula (shofet kol ha-aretz) is correctly framed as the load-bearing theological-rhetorical question grounding the bargaining. The descending-numeric sequence (50→45→40→30→20→10) and its irregular intervals are correctly identified; the 10-endpoint and the post-biblical minyan-threshold interpretation (Bereshit Rabbah 49:13) are appropriately distinguished. Cross-corpus intercession-tradition (Exod 32:11-14 Moses; Num 14:13-20; 1 Sam 12:23 Samuel with chalilah verbal echo; Amos 7:1-9; Ezek 9:8, 11:13; Job 42:8-10) is verbatim or near-verbatim. The Brueggemann anti-divine-injustice framing is correctly cited. claim_type=direct is justified."},{"glossary_id":"afar-va-efer-creatural-humility","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna JPS Genesis 1989 pp. 132-133","Westermann Genesis 12-36 1985 pp. 291-292","Clines Job 21-37 (WBC) 2006 on Job 30:19","Clines Job 38-42 (WBC) 2011 on Job 42:6","Newsom The Book of Job: A Contest of Moral Imaginations 2003"],"reasoning":"The afar va-efer compound is correctly identified as occurring only three times in the HB (Gen 18:27, Job 30:19, Job 42:6); the structural triad (intercession-hedge → lament-complaint → repentance-or-comfort) is editorially illuminating and defensible. Cross-reference to the existing em-as-v-nikhamti-al-afar-va-efer Job 42:6 entry is correctly preserved. The two component motifs (creation-from-dust at Gen 2:7/3:19; mourning-ashes register across 2 Sam 13:19, Esth 4:1-3, Isa 58:5, Jer 6:26, Lam 2:10, Dan 9:3, Jonah 3:6, Job 2:8) are documentary. Sira 10:9, 17:32, 40:3 Second-Temple reception correctly noted; Ash Wednesday memento homo Latin Christian penitential reception flagged as downstream. claim_type=direct is justified."},{"glossary_id":"puncta-extraordinaria-v9-elav","status":"approve","citations":["Tov Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible 3rd ed. 2012 §6.B.5","McCarthy The Tiqqune Sopherim (OBO 36) 1981 pp. 207-264","Yeivin Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah 1980 §80-81","Würthwein The Text of the Old Testament 2nd ed. 1995 pp. 17-18","Ginsburg Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible 1897 pp. 318-334","b. Bava Metzia 87a","Bereshit Rabbah 48:15","Sofrim 6:3"],"reasoning":"MASORAH-TRADITION VERIFIED. The four supralinear dots over aleph-lamed-yod-vav of elav are physically present in the source consonantal text (verified by direct inspection of the source-he-18.json file). The standard 15-verse list of puncta extraordinaria (Gen 16:5, 18:9, 19:33, 33:4, 37:12; Num 3:39, 9:10, 21:30, 29:15; Deut 29:28; 2 Sam 19:20; Isa 44:9; Ezek 41:20, 46:22; Ps 27:13) is correctly enumerated. The rabbinic interpretive reading (b. Bava Metzia 87a; Bereshit Rabbah 48:15; Sofrim 6:3) with its two main hermeneutic interpretations (visitors-knew-Sarah; asked-each-other) is accurately described. The modern text-critical editorial-flag reading (Tov 2012 §6.B.5; McCarthy 1981; Yeivin 1980 §80-81; Würthwein 1995; Ginsburg 1897 pp. 318-334) is accurately described. The observation that LXX/Samaritan Pentateuch/Vulgate/Targumim all preserve elav, weakening the text-critical omission-variant interpretation in this specific case, is textually accurate. claim_type=direct is justified."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[]}},
    "segments": [],
    "lines": [],
    "paragraphs": [{
        "n": 1,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:1",
        "text": "And YHWH appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat at the entrance of the tent in the heat of the day."
      },{
        "n": 2,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:2",
        "text": "And he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the entrance of the tent, and bowed himself to the earth,"
      },{
        "n": 3,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:3",
        "text": "and said: My lord, if now I have found favor in your sight, do not pass on, I pray you, from your servant."
      },{
        "n": 4,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:4",
        "text": "Let now a little water be fetched, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree."
      },{
        "n": 5,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:5",
        "text": "And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and you shall sustain your heart; afterward you shall pass on, since you have come over to your servant. And they said: So do, as you have spoken."
      },{
        "n": 6,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:6",
        "text": "And Avraham hastened into the tent to Sarah, and said: Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes."
      },{
        "n": 7,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:7",
        "text": "And Avraham ran to the herd, and took a calf tender and good, and gave it to the servant; and he hastened to dress it."
      },{
        "n": 8,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:8",
        "text": "And he took curds, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree, and they ate."
      },{
        "n": 9,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:9",
        "text": "And they said to him: Where is Sarah your wife? And he said: Behold, in the tent."
      },{
        "n": 10,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:10",
        "text": "And he said: I will certainly return to you when the season comes around; and, behold, Sarah your wife shall have a son. And Sarah was listening at the entrance of the tent, which was behind him."
      },{
        "n": 11,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:11",
        "text": "Now Avraham and Sarah were old, well stricken in years; it had ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women."
      },{
        "n": 12,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:12",
        "text": "And Sarah laughed within herself, saying: After I am worn out, shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also?"
      },{
        "n": 13,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:13",
        "text": "And YHWH said to Avraham: Why did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I indeed bear a child, who am old?"
      },{
        "n": 14,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:14",
        "text": "Is anything too wonderful for YHWH? At the set time I will return to you, when the season comes around, and Sarah shall have a son."
      },{
        "n": 15,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:15",
        "text": "Then Sarah denied, saying: I did not laugh; for she was afraid. And he said: No, but you did laugh."
      },{
        "n": 16,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:16",
        "text": "And the men rose up from there, and looked toward Sodom; and Avraham went with them to send them on the way."
      },{
        "n": 17,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:17",
        "text": "And YHWH said: Shall I hide from Avraham what I am doing,"
      },{
        "n": 18,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:18",
        "text": "seeing that Avraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him?"
      },{
        "n": 19,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:19",
        "text": "For I have known him, to the end that he may command his sons and his household after him, that they may keep the way of YHWH, to do righteousness and justice; that YHWH may bring upon Avraham that which he has spoken of him."
      },{
        "n": 20,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:20",
        "text": "And YHWH said: Because the outcry of Sodom and Amorah is great, and because their sin is exceedingly heavy,"
      },{
        "n": 21,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:21",
        "text": "I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the outcry of it that has come to me; and if not, I will know."
      },{
        "n": 22,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:22",
        "text": "And the men turned from there, and went toward Sodom; but Avraham still stood before YHWH."
      },{
        "n": 23,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:23",
        "text": "And Avraham drew near, and said: Will you indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked?"
      },{
        "n": 24,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:24",
        "text": "Perhaps there are fifty righteous within the city: will you indeed sweep away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are in it?"
      },{
        "n": 25,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:25",
        "text": "Far be it from you to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous should be as the wicked; far be it from you: shall not the Judge of all the earth do justice?"
      },{
        "n": 26,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:26",
        "text": "And YHWH said: If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sake."
      },{
        "n": 27,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:27",
        "text": "And Avraham answered and said: Behold now, I have taken upon myself to speak to my Lord, who am but dust and ashes:"
      },{
        "n": 28,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:28",
        "text": "Perhaps there shall lack five of the fifty righteous: will you destroy all the city for lack of five? And he said: I will not destroy it, if I find there forty and five."
      },{
        "n": 29,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:29",
        "text": "And he spoke to him yet again, and said: Perhaps there shall be forty found there. And he said: I will not do it for the forty's sake."
      },{
        "n": 30,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:30",
        "text": "And he said: Oh let not my Lord be angry, and I will speak: Perhaps there shall be thirty found there. And he said: I will not do it, if I find there thirty."
      },{
        "n": 31,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:31",
        "text": "And he said: Behold now, I have taken upon myself to speak to my Lord: Perhaps there shall be twenty found there. And he said: I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake."
      },{
        "n": 32,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:32",
        "text": "And he said: Oh let not my Lord be angry, and I will speak just this once: Perhaps there shall be ten found there. And he said: I will not destroy it for the ten's sake."
      },{
        "n": 33,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-18:33",
        "text": "And YHWH went his way, as soon as he had finished speaking to Avraham; and Avraham returned to his place."
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/chapters/18",
    "book": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/",
    "chapters": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/chapters/",
    "library": "/v1/library/",
    "schema": "/v1/schema/book/"
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}