{
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "kind": "Chapter",
  "metadata": {
    "generated": "2026-08-22T14:14:13Z",
    "language": "en",
    "book": "genesis-woh",
    "chapter": 22
  },
  "data": {
    "n": 22,
    "bookSlug": "genesis-woh",
    "bookCode": "GEN-WOH",
    "refId": "",
    "title": "Genesis 22 — The binding of Yitzchaq and the oath at Moriah",
    "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Tanach with Ta'amei Hamikra (Westminster Leningrad)","sourceLicense":"Public Domain","sourceUrl":"http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml","sourceAccessedVia":"sefaria.org/api/v3/texts/Genesis.22","glossaryVersion":"2.19.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-05-23T22:30:00+00:00","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:1","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 p. 355","Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 150","HALOT ii.701-702 on piel *n-s-h*"],"reasoning":"Independent re-parse of MT confirms piel *nisah* of *n-s-h*; the narrator-frame *v-ha-Elohim nisah et-Avraham* is grammatically explicit. The four-position parallel on the divine-testing crux (Maimonidean, patristic, open-theist, narrative-anthropomorphism) presents the standard reception-history without preempting; *tested* matches NJPS/NRSV scholarly default. Article-bearing *ha-Elohim* observed and preserved per WoH convention. *Hineni* and the threefold-structure-opening properly flagged."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:2","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 150-151","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 pp. 104-106","Levenson *Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son* 1993 pp. 28-34","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 356-358"],"reasoning":"Independent re-parse confirms the fourfold accumulation *binkha–yechidkha–asher ahavta–Yitzchaq*. *Yechid*/Ishmael-tension correctly held in three-position parallel; cross-corpus distribution (Judg 11:34, Ps 22:21, 35:17, Zech 12:10, Prov 4:3, Jer 6:26) is verifiable. *Eretz ha-Moriah* with LXX *tēn gēn tēn hypsēlēn* and Samaritan *ha-Moreh* variants documented. *Olah* six-fold distribution across chapter accurate; pre-Sinai status noted without overreaching. *Lekh-lekha* inclusio with Gen 12:1 correct (this is the second and final HB occurrence)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:3","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152"],"reasoning":"Narrative-scaffolding verse; vocabulary (Avraham rose early, saddled, took, split wood, rose, went) matches MT directly. *Va-yashkem ba-boqer* idiom is standard; no commentary needed beyond the existing glossary apparatus."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:4","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 p. 358","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 p. 107","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 p. 110"],"reasoning":"*Ba-yom ha-shlishi* cross-corpus distribution verifiable (Exod 19:11/15/16, Hos 6:2, Esth 5:1, Jonah 1:17, plus Genesis-internal Gen 31:22, 34:25, 40:20, 42:18). NT-resurrection-typology (1 Cor 15:4, Luke 24, Matt 12:40) and Jewish-Akedah-liturgical reception both correctly held downstream. *Sa eynav va-yar* first-of-pair framing observed."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:5","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 p. 108","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 110"],"reasoning":"*V-nashuvah aleykhem* plural verb verified in MT — grammatically explicit. Three modern critical readings (dramatic-irony / protective-speech / latent-resurrection-faith) parallel-presented; Heb 11:19 reception correctly flagged downstream. No glossary entry needed; translation reading is ASV-baseline literal."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:6","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 p. 110","HALOT i.585","BDB p. 38"],"reasoning":"*Ma'akhelet* threefold HB distribution (Gen 22:6, 10; Judg 19:29; metaphorical plural Prov 30:14) verified by independent lexical search. Slaughter-and-large-blade register documented in lexicographical literature. Judg 19 cross-corpus pairing (Trible *Texts of Terror*) appropriate. *Va-yelkhu shneihem yachdav* refrain-framing noted accurately."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:7","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 150","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 p. 109","Habel ZAW 1965"],"reasoning":"Middle *hineni* of threefold structure verified in MT. The doubled-affective vocative (Avi/v'ni) preserved literally. The chapter's most affectively-weighted *hineni* (response to son's call) handled with appropriate restraint — no Akedah-liturgical injection into the translation surface."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:8","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 152-153","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 pp. 110-111","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 360-364"],"reasoning":"*Elohim yir'eh-lo ha-seh* qal active 3ms verified. The r-'-h wordplay-axis at vv 4, 8, 13, 14a, 14b correctly identified as five-fold compositional device. Three readings of Avraham's answer (faith-statement / protective-deception / dramatic-irony) parallel. ASV *provide* preserved with literal *see* / *see-for-himself* carried in apparatus — defensible translation policy."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:9","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 110","Spiegel *The Last Trial* 1967","Mishnah Tamid 4:1"],"reasoning":"*Va-ya'aqod* qal verified as Pentateuchal hapax in verbal form; morphologically-related noun *aqudim* (Gen 30:35, 39, 40; 31:8, 10, 12) is the *striped* sense, semantically distinct. Verbal *to bind* sense unique to Gen 22:9 in Pentateuch. Mishnah Tamid 4:1 reception correctly cited; rabbinic *Aqedat Yitzchaq* tradition built on this lexeme. *Arakh* / *mizbeach* cultic-technical vocabulary at the verse accurately observed."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:10","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152","Trible *Texts of Terror* 1984 ch. 3"],"reasoning":"Second *ma'akhelet* + *li-shchot* (cultic-slaughter verb *sh-ch-t*) verified. *Va-yishlach Avraham et-yado* / *al-tishlach yadkha* (v 12) verbal-bracketing of the act and its prohibition correctly identified."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:11","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 112","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 pp. 110-111","Genesis Rabbah 56:7"],"reasoning":"Doubled-vocative *Avraham | Avraham* verified in MT with paseq separator. Four-fold canonical pattern (Gen 22:11, Gen 46:2, Exod 3:4, 1 Sam 3:10) verifiable; the lexical parallel *va-yiqra elav* + doubled-name + *hineni* most precise at Exod 3:4 and Gen 22:11. Third *hineni* of threefold-chapter-structure. *Malakh YHWH* identity-question held in three-position parallel without preemption — consistent with established WoH practice (see existing `malakh-yhwh-messenger`)."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:12","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 361-362","Brueggemann *Genesis* 1982 pp. 187-194","Maimonides *Guide* III.24","von Rad *Genesis* OTL 1972 pp. 244-245"],"reasoning":"*Atah yadati* perfect 1cs of *y-d-a* verified. Four-position parallel on the omniscience-test crux (Maimonidean pedagogical, patristic disclosure, open-theist real-epistemic, narrative-anthropomorphism modern critical default) is the correct editorial discipline. Translation preserves literal phrase; theological crux carried entirely in apparatus. *Yere Elohim* certification + structural inversion of Gen 20:11 (where Avraham had pre-judged Gerar as lacking the fear of Elohim) correctly identified. *Yechid* third occurrence noted."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:13","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 p. 110","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 pp. 113-114","Speiser *AB Genesis* 1964 p. 163","Tov *Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible* 2012 pp. 235-236"],"reasoning":"Independent re-parse of MT confirms אַחַר (achar, *behind*); LXX *kai idou krios heis* / Peshitta / Vulgate manuscript-tradition support *echad* via resh/dalet visual confusion. MT preservation as lectio difficilior aligns with Sarna/Wenham/Hamilton and is consistent with established WoH textual-conservative practice (cf. `al-roi-and-halom-elohim-variant`). Substitutionary-sacrifice theology and the Christian vicarious-atonement reception (Heb 11:17-19; Origen; Augustine; Reformation atonement-theology) flagged downstream — not preempted in translation or rationale. Islamic Sura 37:107 *dhibhin azim* and Jewish *shofar*-and-Rosh-Hashanah connection both held downstream."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:14","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 153-154","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 363-364","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 pp. 110-111","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 pp. 113-114"],"reasoning":"*YHWH yir'eh* (qal active 3ms) / *b-har YHWH yera'eh* (niphal 3ms) active/passive contrast verified in pointed MT. The chapter's r-'-h wordplay-axis closes here on the active-to-passive shift; the *seeing-and-being-seen identity* reading is the modern critical convergence (Sarna, Alter, Westermann, Wenham, Hamilton). Etiological-formula *asher ye'amer ha-yom* observed; Chronicler's 2 Chr 3:1 cross-reference (with its own *nir'ah* niphal echo) correctly identified."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:15","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 154"],"reasoning":"Narrative-scaffolding verse (second messenger-call introduction). *Shenit min-ha-shamayim* verified. Existing `malakh-yhwh-messenger` glossary handles the figure. No additional commentary needed; the v 11 / v 15 messenger-bracketing of the substitution-and-oath sequence already documented in v 11 commentary."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:16","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 154","Cross *Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic* 1973 ch. 11","Lane *Hebrews* WBC 1991 pp. 152-156","HALOT ii.658-659","BDB p. 610"],"reasoning":"*Bi nishbati* (niphal perfect 1cs of *sh-b-a*) verified. First-canonical-occurrence status across HB confirmed — subsequent occurrences in Isa 45:23 (with Pauline reception at Rom 14:11 / Phil 2:10-11), Jer 22:5, 49:13, 51:14, Amos 6:8 (with *b-nafsho* parallel), Isa 62:8. *N'um YHWH* chronological-canonical first-occurrence at Gen 22:16 also verifiable (subsequent: Num 14:28, 1 Sam 2:30, 2 Sam 23:1 etc.). Hebrews 6:13-14 explicit citation of Gen 22:16-17 correctly held downstream-not-preempted. *Chasakhta et-binkha et-yechidekha* verbal-echo of v 12 observed."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:17","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 154"],"reasoning":"Patriarchal seed-comparison triad (*ke-khokhvei ha-shamayim*, *ke-chol al-sfat ha-yam*) handled by existing `patriarchal-seed-comparison-triad` entry. *Shaar oyvav* (gate of his enemies) clause is ASV-baseline; no divergence-commentary needed."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:18","status":"approve","citations":["Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 363-364","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 p. 112","Speiser *AB Genesis* 1964 pp. 165-166"],"reasoning":"*V-hitbarakhu b-zarakha kol goyei ha-aretz* hithpael pointing verified in MT. MT-fidelity policy (preserve verse-by-verse niphal/hithpael distinction across the five universal-blessing-promise occurrences: niphal at 12:3, 18:18, 28:14; hithpael at 22:18, 26:4) ratified at Gen 12 and correctly applied here. Three positions (Pauline-passive, modern-critical-middle, MT-preserving) parallel-presented; WoH follows position (c) MT-preserving. Galatians 3:8 reception held downstream."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:19","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Narrative-closing verse (return to Beer Sheva); MT vocabulary matches translation directly. No commentary needed."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:20","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"*Aharei ha-d'varim ha-eleh* return-formula echoing v 1; Milkah/Nachor genealogical scaffolding setting up the Rivkah-introduction at Gen 24. No commentary needed."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:21","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Toledot-Nachor genealogical naming (Uts, Buz, Kemu'el father of Aram). Proper-name transliterations match WoH convention."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:22","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Toledot-Nachor genealogical naming continued (Kesed, Chazo, Pildash, Yidlaf, Betu'el). Proper-name transliterations match WoH convention."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:23","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"*Betu'el yalad et-Rivkah* — the Rivkah-introduction setting up Gen 24's bride-quest. The eight-named children of Milkah summed; narrative-scaffolding."},{"refId":"GEN-WOH-22:24","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Concubine Re'umah and her four children (Tevach, Gacham, Tachash, Ma'akhah). Closing verse of the toledot-Nachor block and of the chapter; the (ס) setumah-marker preserved in source. No commentary needed."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"nisah-divine-testing","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 150","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 354-356","Maimonides *Guide of the Perplexed* III.24","Spiegel *The Last Trial* 1967","Levenson *Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son* 1993"],"reasoning":"Piel of *n-s-h* grammatically explicit at Gen 22:1; cross-corpus distribution (Exod 15:25, 16:4, 20:20; Deut 8:2, 8:16, 13:4, 33:8; Judg 2:22, 3:1, 3:4; Ps 26:2; 2 Chr 32:31) verified by independent lexical search. Gen 22:1 first-occurrence status in HB confirmed. Four-position parallel on omniscience-test crux is the correct editorial register; Kierkegaard / Auerbach / Derrida correctly held downstream. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"yechid-only-one-formula","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 151","Levenson *Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son* 1993 pp. 28-34","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 p. 105","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 105","Firestone *Journeys in Holy Lands* 1990"],"reasoning":"Threefold use of *yechid* at vv 2, 12, 16 verified. Cross-corpus distribution (Judg 11:34 Jephthah's daughter, Ps 22:21, 35:17, Zech 12:10, Prov 4:3, Jer 6:26) verifiable; Jephthah's daughter parallel is the closest narrative pairing. Ishmael-tension acknowledged honestly with three modern critical readings (covenant-line, affective-emotional, combined) parallel. Christian (Vulgate *unigenitum*, John 3:16 *monogenes*, Heb 11:17-19) and Islamic (Sura 37:101-113, divided early tafsir with dominant Sunni Yishma'el-identification per Firestone) receptions correctly held downstream. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"eretz-ha-moriah-temple-mount-identification","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 150-151","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 356-357","Speiser *AB Genesis* 1964 p. 163","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 pp. 105-106"],"reasoning":"Pentateuchal hapax verified (recurs only at 2 Chr 3:1). Three modern critical positions (Sarna accepting Chronicler's identification, Westermann/Speiser reading as retrojection, Macdonald-Crown minority Samaritan-original position) parallel. LXX *tēn gēn tēn hypsēlēn* and Samaritan *ha-Moreh* variants accurately documented. The *inferred* claim_type call is the more cautious option — the Temple-Mount identification is a defensible scholarly reading consistent with the canonical cross-reference at 2 Chr 3:1, but not a grammatically explicit feature of Gen 22 itself. The alternative *direct* call (emphasizing the canonical cross-reference as direct evidence) would also be defensible. Reviewer endorses *inferred* as the more honest signaling of the epistemic status; the alternative is not preferred but not rejected."},{"glossary_id":"olah-burnt-offering","status":"approve","citations":["Milgrom *Leviticus 1-16* Anchor Bible 1991 pp. 133-178","Levine *Leviticus* JPS 1989 pp. 5-12","Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 151-152","Day *Molech* 1989","Heider *The Cult of Molek* 1985","Stager and Wolff JBL 1984"],"reasoning":"Lexeme *olah* and six-fold chapter distribution (vv 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 13) verified. Lev 1 foundational legislation accurate; Gen 22 is second narrative use of *olah* in HB (after Gen 8:20) and first narrative use with a human victim. Pre-Sinai pre-cultic-legislative status correctly observed; Levenson's reading of *aqedah*'s non-completion as foundational textual repudiation of child-sacrifice correctly held as one mainstream reading (not preempted as the only reading). ANE *molk* / *mlk* comparative material handled at appropriate apparatus-level. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"ba-yom-ha-shlishi-third-day-formula","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 p. 358","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 p. 110","Goppelt *Typos* 1939/1982"],"reasoning":"Cross-corpus distribution verifiable. The Sinai-theophany parallel (Exod 19:11/15/16) is the most-cited; Hos 6:2 third-day-resurrection cross-reference is the keystone for downstream NT-typology. NT reception (1 Cor 15:4, Luke 24:7/21/46, Matt 12:40 Jonah-typology, Acts 10:40) and Jewish-Akedah-liturgical / *zechut avot* tradition both correctly held downstream-not-preempted. Literary-narrative-convention reading is modern critical default. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"yireh-yerah-hreh-wordplay","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 152-153","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 pp. 110-111","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 360-364","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 pp. 109-114"],"reasoning":"Five-fold r-'-h axis at vv 4, 8, 13, 14a, 14b verified in pointed MT. Qal active (vv 4, 8, 13, 14a) vs niphal passive (v 14b) contrast is a feature of the pointed MT and is the modern critical consensus reading. Translation strategy (a) ASV *provide* / *be provided* with literal *see / be seen* in apparatus is editorially defensible and consistent with WoH practice. Cross-reference to existing `va-yera-yhwh-theophany` entry on the niphal-theophany-formula appropriate. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"ma-akhelet-sacrificial-knife","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 152","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 p. 110","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 110","HALOT i.585","BDB p. 38","Trible *Texts of Terror* 1984 ch. 3"],"reasoning":"Four-occurrence HB distribution verified (Gen 22:6, 22:10, Judg 19:29, Prov 30:14 — the entry says three-fold; technically four if Prov 30:14 *ma'akhalot* plural is counted, three if only narrative). Specialized-slaughter-and-large-blade register confirmed in HALOT and BDB; Judg 19 cross-corpus pairing (Trible *Texts of Terror*) and Prov 30:14 metaphorical-pejorative use both accurately handled. ASV *knife* baseline preserved. *Direct* claim_type defensible. Minor: entry says 'three-fold cross-corpus distribution' but lists four occurrences (Gen 22:6, 22:10, Judg 19:29, Prov 30:14) — the count refers to *contexts* (Gen 22 counted once, Judg 19 once, Prov 30 once) rather than tokens; not a problem but for future tightening."},{"glossary_id":"aqad-bind-aqedah-hapax","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 110","Spiegel *The Last Trial* 1967","Levenson *Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son* 1993 ch. 8","Mishnah Tamid 4:1","Genesis Rabbah 56","b. Rosh Hashanah 16a, 26a","HALOT ii.873"],"reasoning":"Pentateuchal-hapax status of qal *aqad* verified by independent lexical search; the noun *aqudim* of Gen 30-31 is morphologically related but semantically distinct (*striped/banded* sense, not *bound* sense). Mishnah Tamid 4:1's explicit citation of Gen 22:9 as precedent for the daily *tamid*-binding-procedure correctly cited. Akkadian *eqēdu* and Arabic *ʿaqada* cognates accurate. Jewish-Akedah-liturgical reception held appropriately downstream. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"doubled-name-calling-formula","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 p. 112","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 pp. 110-111","Genesis Rabbah 56:7","Yeivin *Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah* 1980 §150","Habel ZAW 1965"],"reasoning":"Four-fold HB canonical pattern (Gen 22:11, Gen 46:2, Exod 3:4, 1 Sam 3:10) verified; the lexical parallel *va-yiqra elav* + doubled-name + *hineni* is most precise at Gen 22:11 and Exod 3:4. Masoretic paseq independently verified in source (Avraham | Avraham at v 11). NT distribution (Acts 9:4/22:7/26:14, Luke 10:41, 22:31, 13:34 / Matt 23:37) accurate. Genesis Rabbah 56:7 *l'shon chibah u-l'shon zeruz* citation correct. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"hineni-prophetic-response-formula","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 150","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 p. 109","Habel ZAW 1965","Brueggemann *Genesis* 1982"],"reasoning":"Threefold *hineni* at Gen 22:1, 7, 11 verified in MT. Cross-corpus prophetic-vocational distribution (Gen 27:1/18, 31:11, 37:13, 46:2; Exod 3:4; 1 Sam 3:4/6/8/16; 2 Sam 1:7; Isa 6:8) verifiable. Prophetic-call type-scene (Habel 1965) form-critical category accurate. ASV-archaic *Here am I* preserved with rationale; NJPS *Here I am* note appropriate. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"ata-yadati-divine-learning-question","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 361-362","Brueggemann *Genesis* 1982 pp. 187-194","von Rad *Genesis* OTL 1972 pp. 244-245","Maimonides *Guide* III.24","Heschel *The Prophets* 1962"],"reasoning":"*Atah yadati* (qal perfect 1cs of *y-d-a*) grammatically explicit. Four-position parallel (Maimonidean pedagogical, patristic disclosure, open-theism real-epistemic, narrative-anthropomorphism modern critical default) is the correct editorial discipline for the chapter's most-discussed theological phrase. The discipline matches the parallel `nisah-divine-testing` entry. Kierkegaardian-existential and Levinasian-Derridean continental-philosophical receptions held appropriately downstream. Quranic *ru'ya* reception flagged-not-preempted. *Direct* claim_type defensible (the lexeme is grammatically explicit; the theological-crux is reception-material)."},{"glossary_id":"ayil-ram-substitution-achar-echad-variant","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 153","Wenham *WBC Genesis 16-50* 1994 p. 110","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 pp. 113-114","Speiser *AB Genesis* 1964 p. 163","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 360-361","Tov *Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible* 2012 pp. 235-236"],"reasoning":"MT אַחַר independently verified in source. LXX *kai idou krios heis*, Peshitta *chad*, and Vulgate *unum arietem* support *echad*; resh/dalet visual confusion accurate. MT preservation as lectio difficilior aligns with Sarna/Wenham/Hamilton; Speiser/Westermann LXX-preference and Skinner/Driver unresolvable verdicts documented. WoH textual-conservative practice consistent with `al-roi-and-halom-elohim-variant` precedent. Rabbinic *zecher aqedat Yitzchaq* / *zechut avot* / *shofar*-connection, Christian vicarious-atonement (Heb 11:17-19; Origen; Reformation), and Islamic Sura 37:107 *dhibhin azim* receptions all correctly held downstream-not-preempted. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"yhwh-yireh-place-name-temple-mount","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 153-154","Westermann *Genesis 12-36* 1985 pp. 363-364","Alter *Five Books of Moses* 2004 pp. 110-111","Hamilton *NICOT Genesis 18-50* 1995 pp. 113-114"],"reasoning":"Place-name *YHWH-yir'eh* and closing-formula *b-har YHWH yera'eh* verified in MT; qal/niphal active/passive contrast is feature of pointed MT. The Chronicler's 2 Chr 3:1 *nir'ah l-David aviv* niphal echo accurate and creates the canonical-internal cross-reference. Etiological-formula *asher ye'amer ha-yom* accurate (cf. 1 Sam 5:5; 2 Sam 18:18). Samaritan v 14b *Elohim* variant noted. Christian-Islamic engagement on temple-mount/Dome-of-the-Rock identification cross-referenced to `eretz-ha-moriah-temple-mount-identification`. *Direct* claim_type defensible (the place-name and the formula are grammatically explicit; the temple-mount identification is cross-referenced to the inferred entry)."},{"glossary_id":"bi-nishbati-divine-self-oath","status":"approve","citations":["Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 p. 154","Cross *Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic* 1973 ch. 11","Lane *Hebrews* WBC 1991 pp. 152-156","Attridge *Hebrews* Hermeneia 1989 pp. 179-184","HALOT ii.658-659","BDB p. 610"],"reasoning":"*Bi nishbati* (niphal perfect 1cs of *sh-b-a*) verified at Gen 22:16 and confirmed as first canonical occurrence in HB (subsequent: Isa 45:23, Jer 22:5, 49:13, 51:14, Amos 6:8, Isa 62:8). Pauline reception of Isa 45:23 at Rom 14:11 / Phil 2:10-11 accurate. *N'um YHWH* lexeme verified; first canonical occurrence at Gen 22:16 confirmed by independent lexical search (the next narrative occurrences Num 14:28, 1 Sam 2:30, 2 Sam 23:1 are post-Gen 22). HALOT and BDB on *n'um* accurate. Hebrews 6:13-14 explicit citation of Gen 22:16-17 (*kat' oudenos eichen meizonos omosai, ōmosen kath' heautou*) correctly held downstream-not-preempted. Cross / Hillers / Weinfeld on divine-self-oath as covenantal-binding form accurate. *Direct* claim_type defensible."},{"glossary_id":"yirat-elohim-moral-restraint-motif","status":"approve","citations":["Becker *Gottesfurcht im Alten Testament* 1965","Sarna *JPS Genesis* 1989 pp. 143-144","HALOT i.432-435","NIDOTTE 2:527-533"],"reasoning":"Additive *appliesTo* expansion from `[GEN-WOH-20:11]` to `[GEN-WOH-20:11, GEN-WOH-22:12]` justified by the structural inversion: Avraham at Gen 20:11 pre-judges Gerar as lacking *yir'at Elohim*; at Gen 22:12 he is himself certified by the deity as *yere Elohim*. The cross-chapter motif-arc is verifiable and is a standard scholarly observation (Sarna, Wenham). Source-field widening to include the predicate-form *yere Elohim* alongside the construct noun phrase is appropriate. No semver-major change."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[]}},
    "segments": [],
    "lines": [],
    "paragraphs": [{
        "n": 1,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:1",
        "text": "And it came to pass after these things, that the Elohim tested Avraham, and said to him, Avraham. And he said, Here am I."
      },{
        "n": 2,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:2",
        "text": "And he said, Take now your son, your only son, whom you love, even Yitzchaq, and go forth to the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt-offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell you of."
      },{
        "n": 3,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:3",
        "text": "And Avraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him, and Yitzchaq his son; and he split the wood for the burnt-offering, and rose up, and went to the place of which the Elohim had told him."
      },{
        "n": 4,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:4",
        "text": "On the third day Avraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off."
      },{
        "n": 5,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:5",
        "text": "And Avraham said to his young men, Stay here with the donkey, and I and the lad will go yonder; and we will worship, and come again to you."
      },{
        "n": 6,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:6",
        "text": "And Avraham took the wood of the burnt-offering, and laid it on Yitzchaq his son; and he took in his hand the fire and the knife; and they went both of them together."
      },{
        "n": 7,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:7",
        "text": "And Yitzchaq spoke to Avraham his father, and said, My father. And he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold, the fire and the wood; but where is the lamb for a burnt-offering?"
      },{
        "n": 8,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:8",
        "text": "And Avraham said, Elohim will provide himself the lamb for a burnt-offering, my son: so they went both of them together."
      },{
        "n": 9,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:9",
        "text": "And they came to the place which the Elohim had told him of; and Avraham built the altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Yitzchaq his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the wood."
      },{
        "n": 10,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:10",
        "text": "And Avraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son."
      },{
        "n": 11,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:11",
        "text": "And the messenger of YHWH called to him out of heaven, and said, Avraham, Avraham. And he said, Here am I."
      },{
        "n": 12,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:12",
        "text": "And he said, Do not lay your hand upon the lad, neither do anything to him; for now I know that you fear the Elohim, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me."
      },{
        "n": 13,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:13",
        "text": "And Avraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold, behind him a ram caught in the thicket by his horns: and Avraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt-offering in the stead of his son."
      },{
        "n": 14,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:14",
        "text": "And Avraham called the name of that place YHWH-yir'eh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of YHWH it shall be provided."
      },{
        "n": 15,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:15",
        "text": "And the messenger of YHWH called to Avraham a second time out of heaven,"
      },{
        "n": 16,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:16",
        "text": "and said, By myself I have sworn, says YHWH, because you have done this thing, and have not withheld your son, your only son,"
      },{
        "n": 17,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:17",
        "text": "that in blessing I will bless you, and in multiplying I will multiply your seed as the stars of the heavens, and as the sand which is upon the seashore; and your seed shall possess the gate of his enemies;"
      },{
        "n": 18,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:18",
        "text": "and in your seed shall all the nations of the earth bless themselves; because you have obeyed my voice."
      },{
        "n": 19,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:19",
        "text": "So Avraham returned to his young men, and they rose up and went together to Be'er Sheva; and Avraham dwelt at Be'er Sheva."
      },{
        "n": 20,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:20",
        "text": "And it came to pass after these things, that it was told Avraham, saying, Behold, Milkah, she also has borne children to Nachor your brother:"
      },{
        "n": 21,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:21",
        "text": "Uts his firstborn, and Buz his brother, and Kemu'el the father of Aram,"
      },{
        "n": 22,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:22",
        "text": "and Kesed, and Chazo, and Pildash, and Yidlaf, and Betu'el."
      },{
        "n": 23,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:23",
        "text": "And Betu'el begat Rivkah: these eight Milkah bore to Nachor, Avraham's brother."
      },{
        "n": 24,
        "refId": "GEN-WOH-22:24",
        "text": "And his concubine, whose name was Re'umah, she also bore Tevach, and Gacham, and Tachash, and Ma'akhah."
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/chapters/22",
    "book": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/",
    "chapters": "/v1/library/books/genesis-woh/chapters/",
    "library": "/v1/library/",
    "schema": "/v1/schema/book/"
  }
}