{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "Chapter", "metadata": { "generated": "2026-11-01T16:21:41Z", "language": "en", "book": "isaiah-woh", "chapter": 13 }, "data": { "n": 13, "bookSlug": "isaiah-woh", "bookCode": "ISA-WOH", "refId": "", "title": "Isaiah 13 — The oracle concerning Babylon: the host from the end of the skies and the day of YHWH", "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Tanach with Ta'amei Hamikra (Westminster Leningrad)","sourceLicense":"Public Domain","sourceUrl":"http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml","sourceAccessedVia":"sefaria.org/api/v3/texts/Isaiah.13","glossaryVersion":"2.90.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.6.1","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-5-5 (translator)","claude-opus-5-5 (editor)"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-11-01T17:00:00Z","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-5-5 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-11-01T14:23:15Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"ISA-13:1","status":"approve","citations":["HALOT s.v. maśśāʾ II","Weis, A Definition of the Genre Maśśāʾ (1986)","Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","NRSV “The oracle concerning Babylon”"],"reasoning":"Disputed vs ASV 'burden'. maśśāʾ bāḇel ʾăšer ḥāzāh yᵉšaʿyāhû ben-ʾāmôṣ: the heading noun is maśśāʾ II 'pronouncement', so 'oracle' is the lexical consensus (NRSV); 'burden' and the Jer 23 pun are fairly reported."},{"refId":"ISA-13:2","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"ʿal har-nišpeh śᵉʾû-nēs ... pitḥê nᵉḏîḇîm: 'bare mountain', 'signal', 'gates of the nobles' are exact; the jussive wᵉyāḇōʾû as purpose ('that they may enter') is right."},{"refId":"ISA-13:3","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"ʾănî ṣiwwêṯî limquddāšāy ... lᵉʾappî ʿallîzê gaʾăwāṯî: 'my consecrated ones', 'for my anger', 'my proudly exulting ones' (NRSV) are exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:4","status":"approve","citations":["Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","TBWTT ch. 3"],"reasoning":"Canon-cited. qôl hāmôn behārîm dᵉmûṯ ʿam-rāḇ ... YHWH ṣᵉḇāʾôṯ mᵉp̄aqqēḏ ṣᵉḇāʾ milḥāmāh: participle 'is mustering' and the epithet/cognate play are rendered literally; nothing added. Lens check passed: the line is ASV/NRSV in substance."},{"refId":"ISA-13:5","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. qāṣeh, šāmayim","Deut 4:32; 30:4 (miqṣēh haššāmayim)","Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","TBWTT ch. 3"],"reasoning":"Canon-cited, disputed vs ASV 'heaven'. bāʾîm mēʾereṣ merḥāq miqṣēh haššāmayim YHWH ûḵᵉlê zaʿmô lᵉḥabbēl kol-hāʾāreṣ: the horizon idiom parallel to 'a far land' is physical-register, so 'from the end of the skies' applies the ratified šāmayim rule; 'YHWH and the weapons of his indignation' is kept in apposition as the Hebrew has it. Lens check: the line neither strengthens nor weakens the canon's reading ('confins du ciel'), and the reception note is accurate (TBWTT 3 links 13:4-5, 14:13-17, 15:8-9 to Sodom)."},{"refId":"ISA-13:6","status":"approve","citations":["NJPS Isa 13:6","Joel 1:15","BDB s.v. šadday"],"reasoning":"Disputed vs ASV 'the Almighty'. kᵉšōḏ miššadday yāḇôʾ: transliterating 'Shaddai' keeps the šōḏ/šadday pun audible (NJPS precedent); defensible."},{"refId":"ISA-13:7","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"kol-yāḏayim tirpênāh wᵉḵol-lᵉḇaḇ ʾĕnôš yimmās: exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:8","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"wᵉniḇhālû ṣîrîm waḥăḇālîm yōʾḥēzûn ... pᵉnê lᵉhāḇîm pᵉnêhem: exact; 'faces of flame' literal."},{"refId":"ISA-13:9","status":"approve","citations":["Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1–39 (AB 19, 2000), ad loc.","NRSV/NJPS “the earth”"],"reasoning":"Disputed vs ASV 'land'. lāśûm hāʾāreṣ lᵉšammāh: from v. 9 the scope is cosmic (tēḇēl v. 11, sun/moon/stars v. 10, skies/earth v. 13), and 'the earth' is the reading of NRSV/NJPS and the commentators."},{"refId":"ISA-13:10","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. kᵉsîl","Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc."],"reasoning":"kôḵᵉḇê haššāmayim ûḵᵉsîlêhem: 'their constellations' (ASV/NRSV) for the generic plural of 'Orion' is standard; 'skies' is the physical register. Note's references (Job 9:9; 38:31; Amos 5:8) checked."},{"refId":"ISA-13:11","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"ûp̄āqaḏtî ʿal-tēḇēl rāʿāh ...: 'punish the world for its evil' is exact; ʿăwōnām 'their iniquity' under the central entry."},{"refId":"ISA-13:12","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"ʾôqîr ʾĕnôš mippāz wᵉʾāḏām mikketem ʾôp̄îr: 'a mortal … a human being' for ʾĕnôš / ʾāḏām is exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:13","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"šāmayim ʾargîz wᵉṯirʿaš hāʾāreṣ mimmᵉqômāh: first-person Hiphil 'I will make the skies tremble' and cosmic 'earth' are exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:14","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"wᵉhāyāh kiṣḇî muddāḥ ...: impersonal wᵉhāyāh kept ('And it shall be that'); exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:15","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"kol-hannimṣāʾ yiddāqēr wᵉḵol-hannispeh yippôl beḥāreḇ: exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:16","status":"approve","citations":["Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed., 2012), on Ketiv/Qere","BDB s.v. šāḡal, šāḵaḇ","Deut 28:30; Zech 14:2 (same Ketiv/Qere)","NRSV “ravished”"],"reasoning":"Ketiv/Qere verified: K tšglnh / Q tiššāḵaḇnāh. The qere is a euphemism for the same act, so rendering its sense ('ravished', ASV/NRSV) is faithful; 'lain with' would misreport the violence. Defensible."},{"refId":"ISA-13:17","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"hinnî mēʿîr ʿălêhem ʾeṯ-māḏāy: 'stirring up the Medes' is exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:18","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"ûqᵉšāṯôṯ nᵉʿārîm tᵉraṭṭašnāh ...: exact (ASV/NRSV)."},{"refId":"ISA-13:19","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. mahpēḵâ","Amos 4:11; Jer 50:40"],"reasoning":"kᵉmahpēḵaṯ ʾĕlōhîm ʾeṯ-sᵉḏōm: overthrow formula kept with hāp̄aḵ ('overthrew'); 'God' for the formula is the book practice and NRSV/NJPS; the Genesis 'the Elohim' convention is correctly not imported."},{"refId":"ISA-13:20","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"lōʾ-ṯēšēḇ lāneṣaḥ ...: 'never be inhabited', 'no Arab will pitch his tent' exact."},{"refId":"ISA-13:21","status":"approve","citations":["Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","Lev 17:7; 2 Chr 11:15"],"reasoning":"ṣiyyîm, ʾōḥîm, bᵉnôṯ yaʿănāh, śᵉʿîrîm: ASV fauna kept, with NRSV 'goat-demons' honestly recorded; defensible since the list is of animals."},{"refId":"ISA-13:22","status":"approve","citations":["HALOT s.v. ʾalmānâ II / ʾarmôn","Ezek 19:7"],"reasoning":"bᵉʾalmᵉnôṯāyw read as a by-form of ʾarmᵉnôṯāyw 'strongholds' (Targum, ASV 'castles', NRSV) without changing consonants; ʾiyyîm 'hyenas' (NRSV). Defensible."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"overlay:elohim-el-eloah-monotheistic-formula-isaiah","status":"approve","citations":["BDB s.v. ʾĕlōhîm, ʾēl, ʾĕlôah","Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 40–55 (AB 19A, 2002), ad loc.","Westermann, Isaiah 40–66 (OTL, 1969), ad loc.","NRSV/NJPS at 43:10; 44:6-8; 45:5-22"],"reasoning":"direct verified: absolute, articular and indefinite ʾĕlōhîm, ʾēl and ʾĕlôah alternate inside one denial formula (44:6, 8; 45:21-22), so one English word is the accurate rendering, and capital/lower-case follows referent (YHWH vs idol), as ASV/NRSV do. The 45:18 vs 1 Kgs 18:39 divergence is handled as a verse-level flag (F3), not as a defect of the entry."},{"glossary_id":"overlay:massa-oracle-superscription-isaiah","status":"approve","citations":["HALOT s.v. maśśāʾ II","Weis, A Definition of the Genre Maśśāʾ in the Hebrew Bible (diss., 1986)","Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1–39 (AB 19, 2000), ad loc."],"reasoning":"direct verified: maśśāʾ II 'pronouncement' in headings is the lexical consensus and NRSV/NJPS practice; 'burden' (maśśāʾ I) is kept in commentary with the Jer 23:33-38 pun honestly reported."},{"glossary_id":"overlay:mt-qere-textual-policy-isaiah","status":"approve","citations":["Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed., 2012), on Ketiv/Qere","Ulrich & Flint, Qumran Cave 1.II: The Isaiah Scrolls (DJD 32, 2010), ad loc.","Yeivin, Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah (1980), on the extraordinary points","LXX Isa 48:11 (τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα βεβηλοῦται)"],"reasoning":"direct verified: all 12 bracketed Ketiv/Qere pairs in the source (13:16; 29:11; 32:7, 15; 42:20, 24; 44:17, 24; 45:2; 54:16; 65:4, 7) are read as qere, and the 44:9 puncta are kept and translated. Every 1QIsaᵃ variant listed is reported, not adopted. One factual fix belongs with the 48:11 commentary (see ISA-48:11): the LXX does not support the first person there; it supplies 'my name'."},{"glossary_id":"overlay:lexical-cruxes-wave-i2-isaiah","status":"approve","citations":["CAD M/2 s.v. musukkannu","HALOT s.v. mᵉsukkān, pûḵ","BDB s.v. ḥeseḏ, ḥērem, māšāl","Lohfink, TDOT 5, s.v. ḥāram","NRSV 40:6 “constancy”; 54:11 “antimony”; 14:4 “taunt”","NJPS 15:2 “temple”"],"reasoning":"direct is defensible for each item: musukkannu (40:20) is the accepted identification and needs no consonantal change; ḥērem 'ban', pûḵ 'antimony', human ḥeseḏ 'constancy' and māšāl 'taunt' are lexically standard. 'sissoo' commits to the species HALOT gives where NRSV/NJPS prefer 'mulberry'; acceptable, and the note records both. Suggest adding 15:5 bᵉrîḥehā to this entry once revised (see ISA-15:5). The chapter note at 15:2 misattributes the baṯ-dîḇôn emendation to NRSV (see ISA-15:2); the entry itself does not repeat that error."},{"glossary_id":"overlay:title-and-meta-conventions-isaiah","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Appended sentence only (titles, quotation-mark convention). Checked against all 13 chapters: messenger formulas are unquoted, embedded speech is quoted. Non-blocking: chapter 32 title says 'the spirit poured from on high' while 32:15 deliberately renders the indefinite 'a spirit'; change the title to 'a spirit'."},{"glossary_id":"overlay:yhwh-tzevaot-hosts-isaiah","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Extensions verified at 13:4, 13; 14:22-24, 27; 29:6; 44:6; 45:13; 48:2; 54:5. The 13:4 epithet/cognate play is noted in commentary, not in the line."},{"glossary_id":"overlay:eretz-cosmic-scope-isaiah-24","status":"approve","citations":["Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Continental, 1997), ad loc.","NRSV/NJPS 13:9"],"reasoning":"Extension to 13:9-13 and the creation formulas of chs. 40-65 is the consensus reading, and the split from territorial 'land' (13:5; 14:20, 25) is applied consistently."},{"glossary_id":"central-op:avon-iniquity-cross-corpus-keyword","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only op: array verified to preserve every v2.83.0 refId and equal base ∪ appliesToAdded; every added refId carries the entry in its chapter glossaryRefs and the English line uses the entry's wohChoice."},{"glossary_id":"central-op:eretz","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only op: array verified to preserve every v2.83.0 refId and equal base ∪ appliesToAdded; every added refId carries the entry in its chapter glossaryRefs and the English line uses the entry's wohChoice. Territorial ʾereṣ only (13:5; 14:20, 25); cosmic sites correctly left to the overlay."},{"glossary_id":"central-op:shaddai-eloah","status":"approve","citations":["NJPS Isa 13:6 “Shaddai”","Joel 1:15"],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only op: array verified to preserve every v2.83.0 refId and equal base ∪ appliesToAdded; every added refId carries the entry in its chapter glossaryRefs and the English line uses the entry's wohChoice. Extension limited to the name Shaddai (pun šōḏ/šadday); not extending Eloah to 44:8 is correct."},{"glossary_id":"central-op:shamayim","status":"approve","citations":["central shamayim corpus note (ratified 2026-11-01)"],"reasoning":"appliesTo-only op: array verified to preserve every v2.83.0 refId and equal base ∪ appliesToAdded; every added refId carries the entry in its chapter glossaryRefs and the English line uses the entry's wohChoice. Register split ('skies' for the physical/created sky; 'the heavens' at 14:12-13) follows the ratified rule. Non-blocking fix to the op's reason text (and to the editor report F2 and the 65:17 note): the corpus renders Gen 1:1 'the skies and the land', not 'the skies and the earth'. The 65:17 register itself is founder decision F2."},{"glossary_id":"central-op:version 2.83.0→2.84.0","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Minor bump is right: 20 appliesTo-only ops, no wohChoice or rationale change. The concurrency instruction (re-base as merged array ∪ appliesToAdded) is correct. Recorded non-extensions verified against the lines (bara, elohim-as-translation, Eloah, el-elyon, kokhvei-boqer, kimah-kesil, tohu-vavohu, tzedakah-u-mishpat, nachash-arum, chesed at 40:6). mahapekhah (13:19) and tardemah (29:10) are already listed in v2.83.0."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[],"lensLeakageCheck":"Checked all 22 lines. 13:4-5 (canon-cited) are rendered with the standard vocabulary; 'skies' at 13:5 applies the ratified physical-register rule and does not tilt toward or against the canon's 'confins du ciel'. The reception note at 13:5 is labelled and accurate. No line reads as exegesis.","escalationReportAdjustments":"Initial verdicts were formed from the chapter, source, overlay and central diff before opening wave-i2-editor-report.md. No verdict changed after reading it.","founderDecisionRecommendations":{},"summary":"22 verdicts: 22 approve. Glossary items reviewed: 12 (12 approve). Status → reviewer-approved. "}}, "segments": [], "lines": [], "paragraphs": [{ "n": 1, "refId": "ISA-13:1", "text": "The oracle concerning Babylon, which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw." },{ "n": 2, "refId": "ISA-13:2", "text": "On a bare mountain raise a signal; lift up the voice to them; wave the hand, that they may enter the gates of the nobles." },{ "n": 3, "refId": "ISA-13:3", "text": "I myself have commanded my consecrated ones; I have also called my mighty men for my anger, my proudly exulting ones." },{ "n": 4, "refId": "ISA-13:4", "text": "The sound of a multitude in the mountains, like that of a great people! The sound of the uproar of kingdoms, of nations gathered together! YHWH of hosts is mustering a host for battle." },{ "n": 5, "refId": "ISA-13:5", "text": "They come from a far land, from the end of the skies — YHWH and the weapons of his indignation — to destroy the whole land." },{ "n": 6, "refId": "ISA-13:6", "text": "Wail, for the day of YHWH is near; like destruction from Shaddai it comes." },{ "n": 7, "refId": "ISA-13:7", "text": "Therefore all hands will grow slack, and every human heart will melt;" },{ "n": 8, "refId": "ISA-13:8", "text": "and they will be dismayed; pangs and agonies will seize them; they will writhe like a woman in labor; each will look aghast at his neighbor; their faces are faces of flame." },{ "n": 9, "refId": "ISA-13:9", "text": "Behold, the day of YHWH is coming, cruel, with wrath and fierce anger, to make the earth a desolation and to destroy its sinners from it." },{ "n": 10, "refId": "ISA-13:10", "text": "For the stars of the skies and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be dark at its going forth, and the moon will not shed its light." },{ "n": 11, "refId": "ISA-13:11", "text": "I will punish the world for its evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; I will put an end to the arrogance of the proud, and lay low the haughtiness of the ruthless." },{ "n": 12, "refId": "ISA-13:12", "text": "I will make a mortal rarer than fine gold, and a human being than the gold of Ophir." },{ "n": 13, "refId": "ISA-13:13", "text": "Therefore I will make the skies tremble, and the earth will be shaken from its place, at the wrath of YHWH of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger." },{ "n": 14, "refId": "ISA-13:14", "text": "And it shall be that, like a hunted gazelle and like sheep with no one to gather them, each will turn to his own people, and each will flee to his own land." },{ "n": 15, "refId": "ISA-13:15", "text": "Whoever is found will be thrust through, and whoever is caught will fall by the sword." },{ "n": 16, "refId": "ISA-13:16", "text": "Their infants will be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses will be plundered, and their wives ravished." },{ "n": 17, "refId": "ISA-13:17", "text": "Behold, I am stirring up the Medes against them, who have no regard for silver, and as for gold, they take no delight in it." },{ "n": 18, "refId": "ISA-13:18", "text": "Their bows will dash the young men to pieces; they will have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eye will not spare children." },{ "n": 19, "refId": "ISA-13:19", "text": "And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the splendor of the pride of the Chaldeans, will be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah." },{ "n": 20, "refId": "ISA-13:20", "text": "It will never be inhabited, nor dwelt in from generation to generation; no Arab will pitch his tent there, and no shepherds will make their flocks lie down there." },{ "n": 21, "refId": "ISA-13:21", "text": "But desert creatures will lie down there, and their houses will be full of howling creatures; ostriches will dwell there, and wild goats will dance there." },{ "n": 22, "refId": "ISA-13:22", "text": "Hyenas will cry in its strongholds, and jackals in the palaces of delight; her time is near at hand, and her days will not be prolonged." } ] }, "links": { "self": "/v1/library/books/isaiah-woh/chapters/13", "book": "/v1/library/books/isaiah-woh/", "chapters": "/v1/library/books/isaiah-woh/chapters/", "library": "/v1/library/", "schema": "/v1/schema/book/" } }