{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "Chapter", "metadata": { "generated": "2026-11-01T13:37:55Z", "language": "en", "book": "revelation-woh", "chapter": 6 }, "data": { "n": 6, "bookSlug": "revelation-woh", "bookCode": "REV-WOH", "refId": "", "title": "Revelation 6 — The seven seals: Four Horsemen + cosmic-signs", "translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","sourceText":"Koine Greek New Testament — Codex Sinaiticus (א/01, 4th c. CE ~330-360) as primary uncial witness; NB Codex Vaticanus (B/03) is INCOMPLETE for Revelation. Cross-collation against Codex Alexandrinus (A/02, 5th c. CE — often the SUPERIOR Revelation witness on internal grounds), Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C/04, 5th c. palimpsest). P47 (Chester Beatty III, ~250 CE) does NOT preserve Rev 6 — P47 begins at Rev 9:10. P115 (P.Oxy 4499) lacunose. P18 preserves Rev 1:4-7 only. SBLGNT base text.","sourceLicense":"Best-effort reconstruction; SBLGNT base (SBL and Logos Bible Software 2010) used under CC BY 4.0, with attribution; critical-text references cited; English original to this project","sourceUrl":"(see source-grc-6.json citations)","sourceAccessedVia":"Best-effort reconstruction via SBLGNT + NA28/UBS5/THGNT critical apparatus + Hoskier 1929 + Aune WBC 1997-1998 + Beale NIGTC 1999 + Charles ICC 1920 + Koester AB 2014 + Mounce NICNT 1997 rev. + Bauckham 1993 Climax of Prophecy + Caird BNTC 1966 + Petersen OTL 1984 (Zech 1+6 horsemen background) + Levine-Brettler JANT 2017","verificationStatus":"best-effort reconstruction; verification pending against Sinaiticus + Alexandrinus + Ephraemi original codicology + the NA28/UBS5/SBLGNT critical apparatus + Hoskier 1929","glossaryVersion":"2.64.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.1.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-7 (translator)","claude-opus-4-7 (editor)","claude-opus-4-7 (reviewer)"],"reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","status":"stable","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-7 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-06-04T18:30:00Z","verdicts":[{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:1","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998:391-405","Metzger UBS Textual Commentary 1994 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Erchou / Erchou kai ide textual variant correctly noted; SBLGNT short reading on surface."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:2","status":"approve","citations":["Caird BNTC Revelation 1966 ad loc.","Beale NIGTC 376-378","Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998:391-394","Koester AB Revelation 392-394","Bauckham Climax of Prophecy 1993"],"reasoning":"White horseman four-reading-strata (Christ / Antichrist / generic-conquest / Parthian-cavalry) preserved without adjudication. ASV/RSV-baseline. No Christological pre-resolution."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:3","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:4","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Meyers AB Haggai Zechariah 1-8 1987 on Zech 1 + 6"],"reasoning":"Hippos pyrros / war preserved conventionally; Zech 1:8 + Zech 6:2 + Ezek 14:21 + Lev 26:25 cross-corpus documented."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:5","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:6","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Koester AB Revelation 2014 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Famine-pricing oracle (denarius / quart / wheat / barley) preserved conventionally; oil-and-wine spared interpretation flagged as scholarly-debated."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:7","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:8","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Beale NIGTC 1999 ad loc.","Thucydides 2.49 on chlōros plague-victim usage"],"reasoning":"Chlōros philological breadth ('green' / 'pale-green' / 'sickly-green' / 'pale') documented at overlay; surface 'pale green' preserves the philological literal while overlay documents the ASV/RSV 'pale' convention. Mk 6:39 'green grass' comparison-case cited."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:9","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Bauckham Climax of Prophecy 1993"],"reasoning":"Martyr-souls-under-the-altar preserved conventionally; Hebrew Bible blood-of-the-righteous (Gen 4:10 Abel) cross-corpus correctly cited."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:10","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:11","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:12","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Beale NIGTC 1999 ad loc.","Koester AB Revelation 2014 ad loc.","Crenshaw AB Joel 1995 on Joel 2:30-31"],"reasoning":"Sixth-seal cosmic-signs (sun-as-sackcloth + moon-as-blood) preserved per Joel + Isa 13 + Isa 34 + Ezek 32 conventional rendering. Cross-corpus bidirectional with Qur'an Sura 54 inshiqāq al-qamar wire confirmed. No literal-astronomical pre-resolution; both literal and apocalyptic-stock-vocabulary readings preserved."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:13","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Crenshaw AB Joel 1995"],"reasoning":"Stars-falling preserved per Isa 34:4 + Isa 13:10 cross-corpus; conventional fig-tree-shaken simile."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:14","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Beale NIGTC 1999 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Ouranos apechoristhe hos biblion helissomenon 'heaven was rolled up like a scroll' direct citation of Isa 34:4 LXX preserved verbatim; conventional ASV/RSV."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:15","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:16","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Koester AB Revelation 2014 ad loc."],"reasoning":"Wrath-of-the-Lamb response preserved conventionally; Hos 10:8 + Isa 2:10-21 cross-corpus correctly documented in commentary. No Christian-typological pre-resolution of arnion."},{"refId":"REV-WOH-6:17","status":"approve","citations":[],"reasoning":"Surface English at ASV/RSV-baseline; no lens leakage; cross-corpus links and commentary (where present) follow established scholarly philological reading."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"four-horsemen-rev-6-1-8-zechariah-1-6-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998:391-405","Beale NIGTC 370-394","Koester AB Revelation 388-402","Bauckham Climax of Prophecy 1993","Caird BNTC Revelation 1966","Meyers AB Haggai Zechariah 1-8 1987","Petersen OTL Haggai Zechariah 1-8 1984","Wolters Zechariah 2014","Thucydides 2.49 on chlōros plague-usage"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct correctly assigned: Zech 1:8-11 + Zech 6:1-8 four-color horsemen cross-corpus is the standard scholarly reading. Four interpretive options for the white horseman (Christ / Antichrist / generic-conquest / Parthian-cavalry) preserved without adjudication. Chlōros philological breadth accurately documented (Thucydides 2.49 reference correct)."},{"glossary_id":"cosmic-signs-cluster-joel-2-mark-13-acts-2-luke-21-rev-6-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["France NIGTC Mark 2002 on Mk 13:24-25","Marcus AB Mark 2009 on Mk 13:24-25","Nolland WBC Luke 1993 on Lk 21:25-26","Fitzmyer AB Luke 1985 on Lk 21:25-26","Bovon Hermeneia Luke 3 on Lk 21:25-26","Barrett ICC Acts 1.134-138 on Acts 2:19-20","Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 on Rev 6:12-13","Beale NIGTC 1999 on Rev 6:12-13","Koester AB Revelation 2014 on Rev 6:12-13","Bauckham Theology of Revelation 1993","Bauckham Climax of Prophecy 1993","Crenshaw AB Joel 1995"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct correctly assigned: documents real cross-testament intertextuality cluster (Joel 2 / Isa 13 / Isa 34 / Ezek 32 / Amos 8 → Mk 13 / Mt 24 / Lk 21 → Acts 2 → Rev 6). Hebrew-Bible substrate well-grounded; LXX intertext accurate. Bidirectional Qur'an Sura 54 wire confirmed. Surface English at all four NT sites preserves conventional translation."},{"glossary_id":"four-living-creatures-rev-4-6-8-ezek-1-chayyot-shiur-qomah-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 1-5 1997:297-310","Beale NIGTC 326-339","Koester AB Revelation 366-372","Bauckham Climax of Prophecy 1993","Greenberg AB Ezekiel 1-20 1983","Block NICOT Ezekiel 1-24 1997","Cohen Shi'ur Qomah 1985","Halperin Faces of the Chariot 1988"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct correctly assigned: Rev 4 zōa as redeployment of Ezek 1 chayyot + Ezek 10 cherubim with Isa 6 six-wings is documented in all major commentaries. Ezek 1 four-faces-per-creature vs Rev 4 one-face-per-creature distinction preserved without harmonization. Bidirectional chayyot entry extension verified. Patristic Irenaeus / Augustine / Jerome Gospel-distribution noted as downstream reception only."},{"glossary_id":"chayyot","status":"approve","citations":["Greenberg AB Ezekiel 1-20 1983","Block NICOT Ezekiel 1-24 1997","Aune WBC Revelation 1-5 1997:297-310","Cohen Shi'ur Qomah 1985 §§45-47,49,60"],"reasoning":"Extension to add Rev 4:6, 4:7, 4:8, 6:1, 6:3, 6:5, 6:7 appliesTo correctly completes the bidirectional cross-corpus wire. Rev 4 zōa as continuation of Ezek 1 ḥayyôt + Hekhalot ḥayyot tradition is the standard scholarly reading."},{"glossary_id":"inshiqaq-al-qamar-splitting-of-the-moon-sura-54-1-multiple-readings-preserved-cross-corpus","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 on Rev 6:12-13","Crenshaw AB Joel 1995","Barrett ICC Acts 1 on Acts 2:20"],"reasoning":"Extension to add MRK-WOH-16:9, LUK-WOH-21:25, 21:26, ACT-WOH-2:19, 2:20, REV-WOH-6:12, 6:13 refIds completes the cross-corpus bidirectional wire between Qur'an Sura 54 and the NT cosmic-signs cluster. Multiple-readings-preserved framework maintained."},{"glossary_id":"chloros-rev-6-8-pale-green-horse-rendering-convention","status":"approve","citations":["Aune WBC Revelation 6-16 1998 ad loc.","Thucydides 2.49"],"reasoning":"Chlōros philological breadth ('green' / 'pale-green' / 'sickly-green' / 'pale') correctly documented; surface 'pale green' preserves the literal while overlay convention notes the ASV/RSV 'pale' alternative."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[]}}, "segments": [], "lines": [], "paragraphs": [{ "n": 1, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:1", "text": "And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying with a voice like thunder: \"Come!\"" },{ "n": 2, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:2", "text": "And I looked, and behold, a white horse, and the one seated on it had a bow, and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer." },{ "n": 3, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:3", "text": "And when he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying: \"Come!\"" },{ "n": 4, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:4", "text": "And another horse came out, fiery red, and to the one seated on it was given to take peace from the earth, so that people should slay one another, and a great sword was given to him." },{ "n": 5, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:5", "text": "And when he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying: \"Come!\" And I looked, and behold, a black horse, and the one seated on it had a balance in his hand." },{ "n": 6, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:6", "text": "And I heard what seemed to be a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying: \"A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius; and do not harm the oil and the wine.\"" },{ "n": 7, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:7", "text": "And when he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying: \"Come!\"" },{ "n": 8, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:8", "text": "And I looked, and behold, a pale green horse, and the one seated on it — his name was Death, and Hades was following with him. And authority was given to them over a quarter of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the earth." },{ "n": 9, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:9", "text": "And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the witness that they had borne." },{ "n": 10, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:10", "text": "And they cried out with a loud voice, saying: \"How long, O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, until you judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?\"" },{ "n": 11, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:11", "text": "And a white robe was given to each of them, and they were told to rest a little longer, until the number of their fellow servants and their brothers should be complete, who were to be killed as they themselves had been." },{ "n": 12, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:12", "text": "And I saw when he opened the sixth seal, and there was a great earthquake, and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the whole moon became like blood," },{ "n": 13, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:13", "text": "and the stars of heaven fell to the earth, as a fig tree casts its unripe figs when shaken by a great wind," },{ "n": 14, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:14", "text": "and the heaven was split apart like a scroll being rolled up, and every mountain and island was moved out of its place." },{ "n": 15, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:15", "text": "And the kings of the earth and the magnates and the military commanders and the rich and the strong and every slave and free hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains;" },{ "n": 16, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:16", "text": "and they say to the mountains and to the rocks: \"Fall on us, and hide us from the face of the one seated on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb," },{ "n": 17, "refId": "REV-WOH-6:17", "text": "for the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to stand?\"" } ] }, "links": { "self": "/v1/library/books/revelation-woh/chapters/6", "book": "/v1/library/books/revelation-woh/", "chapters": "/v1/library/books/revelation-woh/chapters/", "library": "/v1/library/", "schema": "/v1/schema/book/" } }