{
"apiVersion": "v1",
"kind": "Chapter",
"metadata": {
"generated": "2026-09-12T06:52:38Z",
"language": "en",
"book": "song-of-the-hoe-woh",
"chapter": 1
},
"data": {
"n": 1,
"bookSlug": "song-of-the-hoe-woh",
"bookCode": "SOTH-WOH",
"refId": "",
"title": "The Song of the Hoe — Enlil sunders heaven and earth, fashions the hoe, and humankind sprouts from the soil",
"translation": {"track":"translation","version":"1.0.0","status":"stable","sourceText":"ETCSL composite text (5.5.4)","sourceLicense":"ETCSL scholarly source (academic-use terms; © The ETCSL project, University of Oxford); English translation and all WoH content original to this project","sourceUrl":"https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.5.5.4","sourceAccessedVia":"etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi","glossaryVersion":"2.69.0","overlayGlossaryVersion":"1.0.0","modelDrafts":["claude-opus-4-8 (translator)"],"editor":"claude-opus-4-8 (editor)","editedAt":"2026-06-12","reviewer":"zarazinsfuss","reviewedAt":"2026-06-12T00:00:00+00:00","reviewerReport":{"reviewer":"claude-opus-4-8 acting as woh-reviewer","reviewedAt":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","overallVerdict":"awaiting-human","summary":"Independent re-parse of all 110 lines against the source tokens and the ETCSL reference. VERSE TEXT: all 110 lines approved as defensible scholarly renderings of c.5.5.4; zero revise, zero flag-for-human on the i18n.en. LENS-LEAKAGE: zero leaks. Every WoH-distinctive reading (human-creation, brick-mould-as-human-matrix, seed/germination, humans-relieve-divine-toil, Genesis/Atrahasis cross-corpus) is confined to commentary and glossary rationale; not one i18n.en line carries the lens. The human-creation cruxes (L19 'the first of humankind in the brick-mould', L96 'the hoe is what made mankind exist', L20 'his Land began to break up through the soil', L31 'rations for the gods') read as plain renderings identical in force to ETCSL. CLAIM_TYPES: confirmed zero speculative entries, and confirmed no inferred-dressed-as-speculative or contested-dressed-as-direct. The two direct-marked features the task singled out -- the /al/ paronomasia convention and the al(gisal) hoe lexeme -- are correctly direct (explicit features of the source; consensus ETCSL practice). The hand-to-nose idiom and Nunamnir=Enlil are also correctly direct. The seven inferred entries (al-tar split, Uzu-ea/mua, Dur-an-ki/bulug, brick-mould prototype, numun/germination, Ninmena, technical catalogue) are each honestly hedged and rest on named Sumerological scholarship; none is speculative in disguise. WHY AWAITING-HUMAN (not reviewer-approved): every verdict is approve and no entry needs a downgrade, but this is a first populated pass of a brand-new composition whose four lens-bearing inferred readings (Uzu-mua, brick-mould, germination, toil-relief) carry the project's interpretive weight, and two source-damaged/obscure cruxes (L81-82 'sons of the hoe'; L95 damaged sabra/sa-par4 variant) plus the L18/18A manuscript divergence are genuinely insecure in the source itself. These warrant the human reviewer's epistemic-level confirmation and eyeball on the damage. The work is philologically serious and source-honest; a credentialed Sumerologist reading only the i18n.en column would find a defensible translation of c.5.5.4.","verdicts":[{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:1","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"nig2-du7 'propriety/what is fitting' + pa...e3 'make a branch come out' = 'cause to appear/manifest'; WoH 'cause what is fitting to come forth' is a defensible literal rendering of the idiom (ETCSL paraphrases 'make the world appear in its correct form')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:2","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"nam tar-ra-na 'his decreed destinies' + su nu-bal 'hand not overturn'; the 'cannot be overturned' relative clause matches the source morphology and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:3","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"numun 'seed' + kalam 'the Land' + ki-ta (ablative) 'from the earth' / variant es3-ta 'from the shrine'; WoH 'seed of the Land ... from the earth {shrine}' is closer to the tokens than ETCSL's 'chamber' for es3, and correctly declines to spell out 'human seed' in the text. Variant preserved per convention."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:4","status":"approve","citations":["Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)","ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"an ki-ta ba9-re6 'part heaven from earth' + sag...sum2 (lit. 'give the head') = 'apply oneself, set about'; the separation cosmogony is consensus (Jacobsen, Kramer) and not lens-distinctive."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:5","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Chiastic mate of L4 (ki an-ta 'earth from heaven'); rendering is exact and symmetrical."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:6","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)"],"reasoning":"uzu 'flesh' + e3/mu2 'came-forth/grew' self-glossing toponym; WoH transliterates + appends the manuscripts' own etymology, exactly as ETCSL translates the name. 'flesh might sprout forth' is plain; no lens-loading."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:7","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)","A. R. George, House Most High (1993), s.v. Dur-an-ki / E-kur"],"reasoning":"DISPUTED: WoH 'the cosmic bond' for bulug (token 'sharp object'; range peg/stake/axis) vs ETCSL 'the axis of the world'. WoH ties bulug lexically to Dur(-an-ki) 'bond' while keeping the cosmic-axis sense; defensible and the peg/stake alternatives are flagged in commentary. Variant verb la2/il2 preserved."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:8","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","J. Black, Reading Sumerian Poetry (1998), pp. 64-71"],"reasoning":"The /al/ paronomasia anchor: gisal 'hoe (al)' / ud al-e3 'daylight came forth (al-e3)'. ud token allows day/storm; WoH takes 'daylight' with ETCSL (creation-of-day paired with the hoe's first stroke). Pun handled by the parenthetical convention, text undistorted."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:9","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"es2-gar3 'work assignment' + nam al-tar-re 'decreed (the) tasks'; WoH 'work-roster ... decreed the daily tasks' matches ETCSL ('shares of duty ... daily tasks'). /al/ pun glossed."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:10","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al + dusu 'carrying-basket' + a2 si sa2 'set the arm/wage straight'; WoH 'set the wages in good order' matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:11","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Hoe-praise catalogue (za3-mi2, gold/lapis/silver, blade lashed with cord, apin-blade); token-by-token faithful to the source and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:12","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Hoe-praise catalogue (za3-mi2, gold/lapis/silver, blade lashed with cord, apin-blade); token-by-token faithful to the source and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:13","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Hoe-praise catalogue (za3-mi2, gold/lapis/silver, blade lashed with cord, apin-blade); token-by-token faithful to the source and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:14","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Hoe-praise catalogue (za3-mi2, gold/lapis/silver, blade lashed with cord, apin-blade); token-by-token faithful to the source and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:15","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"zu2 'tooth' + gud-si-AS 'battering-ram'; principal bad3 gal e3 'standing up to a great wall' vs variant sag gal u3-tud 'born for a great person'. Both witnesses rendered per the manuscript-variant convention, matching ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:16","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"en-e al mu-un-sid 'the lord reckoned up the hoe' + nam...tar 'decreed its destiny'; faithful; opens the destiny-inclusio closed at L107."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:17","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"DISPUTED: ki-in-du (token '(stretch of) earth') construed by WoH as qualifying men kug -> 'a shining crown of earth' (hoe crowned with its own element); ETCSL leaves the line elliptical ('placed a holy crown on its head ......'). A minor construal crux, not a cosmological one; the alternative adverbial reading is noted in commentary. Defensible."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:18","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"Manuscript divergence (Uzu-ea 'set this very hoe to work' vs Uzu-mua 'the unassailable'); inline variant rendering preserves both witnesses per convention. Run-up to the human-creation line; reads cleanly. Flagged as a composite-unevenness crux in commentary."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:18A","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"Single-witness purpose clause sag nu-ĝa2-ĝa2-de3 'to settle a head (the first of mankind)' at Uzu-mua; sag read as 'the first/foremost specimen', supported by the L19 and L96 parallels. Correctly subordinated."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:19","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries (1994), pp. 302-307","Jacobsen 'the vanguard of mankind'"],"reasoning":"HUMAN-CREATION CRUX, verified clean: saĝ nam-lu2-ulu3 u3-šub-ba mi-ni-in-ĝar. Tokens give sag 'head', nam-lu2-ulu3 'humanity', u3-šub 'brick mould', ĝar 'place'. WoH 'he placed the first of humankind in the brick-mould' is a plain scholarly rendering identical in force to ETCSL 'the first model of mankind in the brick mould'. NO lens in the text (no 'manufactured', no 'laboratory', no 'Elohim'). The clay/mould-creation significance is in commentary only."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:20","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)"],"reasoning":"ki ... dar 'split/break through the earth'; WoH 'his Land began to break up through the soil' = ETCSL 'his Land started to break through the soil'. The germination-of-humankind reading is carried in commentary, not the text. Clean."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:21","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"saĝ gig2-ga 'black-headed people' (central entry) + igi zid bar 'looked with favour'; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:22","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Anuna (DN) + sug2-sug2 (gub) 'stepped forward/stood'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:23","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","CAD A/2 pp. 188-189 (appa labanu)"],"reasoning":"su-bi giri17-ba ... ĝal2 'placed their hands at their noses'; WoH keeps the literal hand-to-nose obeisance gesture + functional gloss where ETCSL drops it to 'did obeisance'. The concrete body-language is explicit in the tokens."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:24","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"a-ra-zu 'supplication/prayer' + huĝ 'soothe/calm'; WoH 'with a prayer they soothed Enlil' = ETCSL 'calmed Enlil with a prayer'."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:25","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","J. Black, Reading Sumerian Poetry (1998), pp. 64-71"],"reasoning":"al ... dug4/be2 'desire/demand' idiom carrying the /al/ pun; WoH 'they were demanding the black-headed people from him' = ETCSL 'wanted to demand'. Threshold of the toil-relief topos, kept to commentary."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:26","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"nin/en/lugal u3-tud 'give birth to lady/en-priest/king'; faithful triadic rendering."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:27","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Ninmena (DN) + tud-tud al-ĝa2-ĝa2 'set going the begetting of mankind'; the verb ĝar carries the /al/ pun. Matches ETCSL 'set human reproduction going'. Birth-goddess identification in commentary."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:28","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"mas-su 'leader' an ki-a + Nunamnir; WoH 'leader of heaven and earth, Lord Nunamnir' = ETCSL. Nunamnir=Enlil identified in apparatus."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:29","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"saĝ zid saĝ kal-la sa4-sa4 'named the rightful/precious persons'; matches ETCSL ('important persons and valued persons')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:30","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"saĝ-bi gu dili-a 'those persons on a single thread' + three-way verbal variant (e3/ed3/du8 'brought forth/led up/laid out'); all witnesses rendered per convention, matching ETCSL 'formed those persons into a row'."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:31","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","central du-lum-dullu-divine-toil-relieved-by-humans-cross-corpus; Lambert-Millard, Atra-hasis (1969)"],"reasoning":"diĝir-re-e-ne-ra sukur2-se3 dab5 'took them for the gods' rations'; WoH 'took them up to provide rations for the gods' = ETCSL 'recruited them to provide for the gods'. Toil-relief topos in commentary via central du-lum-dullu entry; text is the plain reading."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:32","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Enki + al-a-ni za3-mi2 dug4 'sang the praise of his hoe'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:33","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ki-sikil Nisaba es-bar-ra gub 'the maiden Nisaba set over the decisions/records'; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:34","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al mul / al kug-ba su ... ĝal2 'took the radiant/holy hoes into hand'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:35","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"E-kur e2 Enlil-la2 al-e ĝar 'the E-kur founded with the hoe'; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:36","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ud-de3 al-du3-e / ĝi6 al-mu2-mu2 'by day built up, by night made grow'; ud here token-glossed 'storm' but the day/night antithesis fixes 'by day'; matches ETCSL. /al/ puns glossed."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:37","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Tummal / women's-estate (ama5, e2-mi2) of Mother Ninlil setting; principal/variant on L38 (bread-basket vs craftsman's masterwork) preserved per convention. Faithful to tokens and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:38","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Tummal / women's-estate (ama5, e2-mi2) of Mother Ninlil setting; principal/variant on L38 (bread-basket vs craftsman's masterwork) preserved per convention. Faithful to tokens and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:39","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Tummal / women's-estate (ama5, e2-mi2) of Mother Ninlil setting; principal/variant on L38 (bread-basket vs craftsman's masterwork) preserved per convention. Faithful to tokens and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:40","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Ninurta / Ninisina entering before Enlil with black kid + first-fruit (nesaĝ) offerings; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:41","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Ninurta / Ninisina entering before Enlil with black kid + first-fruit (nesaĝ) offerings; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:42","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Ninurta / Ninisina entering before Enlil with black kid + first-fruit (nesaĝ) offerings; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:43","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","central me-sumerian-divine-offices-cosmic-functions"],"reasoning":"Abzu igi piriĝ 'lions before it' + me al nu-di-da 'the me may not be demanded' (al...dug4 pun); me governed by central entry. Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:44","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"DISPUTED/UNCERTAIN: al-tar read as agent-noun 'hoe-wielder' (epithet of Nudimmud). ETCSL itself marks this 'hoe wielder (?)'. The parallelism with lu2 zid 'the rightful man' supports a personal referent; WoH appends the Sumerian and the overlay entry is correctly claim_type=inferred precisely for this uncertainty. Defensible."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:45","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"abzu al-du3-e 'building the Abzu' + Eridug al-tar-ra 'chosen for the construction-work'; al-tar in the activity-sense (consensus). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:46","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ama diĝir-re-e-ne Ninhursaĝa 'mother of the gods'; faithful (Ninhursaĝa governed by central birth-goddess cluster)."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:47","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-tar here token-glossed adjective 'mighty' (third contextual value of the pun-word); ud al-tar en-na 'the mighty light of the lord'. ETCSL likewise hedges 'the mighty (?) light'. Defensible."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:48","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Sul-pa-e na-nam ... al-tar mu-da-an-gub 'Shul-pa-e, none other, stood by at the construction-work'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:49","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"es3 E-ana al-e kug 'the shrine E-ana made holy by the hoe'; matches ETCSL ('cleaned up by means of the hoe')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:50","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"nin E-ana + immal2 'wild cow' (principal) / munus 'woman' (variant) zid; WoH leads with immal2 'wild cow' (standard bovine epithet for goddesses) and preserves munus. Correctly NOT softened. Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:51","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al du6-du6-dam / al u2KI.KAL-dam 'the hoe deals with ruin-mounds / weeds'; logographic KI.KAL kept in capitals per source (insecure logogram). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:52","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Zabalam al lu2 Inana-kam 'the hoe is Inana's workman'; matches ETCSL ('workman (?)')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:53","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al nam...tar 'decreed the hoe's destiny' + sun4 'beard' (principal) / zu2 'tooth' (variant) za-gin3 e3 'projecting lapis'; both witnesses preserved. Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:54","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-tar 'construction-work' (activity-sense) with Utu standing by / the celebrated work of youthful Utu; faithful, /al/ pun glossed."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:55","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-tar 'construction-work' (activity-sense) with Utu standing by / the celebrated work of youthful Utu; faithful, /al/ pun glossed."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:56","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Nisaba 'of broad understanding' orders the survey of E-ana and lays out E-hamun for the construction-work (al-tar); faithful to tokens and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:57","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Nisaba 'of broad understanding' orders the survey of E-ana and lays out E-hamun for the construction-work (al-tar); faithful to tokens and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:58","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Nisaba 'of broad understanding' orders the survey of E-ana and lays out E-hamun for the construction-work (al-tar); faithful to tokens and ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:59","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"lugal al sid-da us2-a ud zal-la 'the king who reckoned up the hoe, who passes his days in its tracks'; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:60","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Ninurta ki-bal-a al-tar ba-an-gub 'introduced the construction-work into the rebel land'; martial turn; matches ETCSL ('introduced working with the hoe into the rebel lands')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:61","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"iri ... su-se3 al-ĝa2-ĝa2 'brings to hand any city that will not submit'; al-ĝa2-ĝa2 (ĝar) in the subduing sense; matches ETCSL 'subdues'."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:62","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"an-se3 ud-dam seg11 al-gi4-gi4 'toward heaven he roars like a storm'; ud here 'storm' (token), correctly; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:63","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ki-se3 usumgal-am3 al-ĝa2-ĝa2 'toward earth he strikes down like a dragon'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:64","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Sara Enlil-la2 dub3-ba 'on Enlil's knees' + tus 'sat'/variant ĝar 'was set'; both preserved. Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:65","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"niĝ2 al-dug4-ga-ni ... sum2 'granted him whatever he desired' (al...dug4 pun); matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:66","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"sita2/tukul/ti/mar-uru5 weapons + al; principal gisal 'and the hoe' (mentioned) vs variant al...dug4 'desired'; both witnesses rendered per convention, matching ETCSL's two readings."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:67","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Dumuzid al-lum-lum-ma igi-nim 'makes the upper land thrive'; lum 'thrive' carries the /al/ pun; matches ETCSL ('makes the upper land fertile')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:68","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Gibil al-a-ni saĝ an-se3 il2 'made his hoe lift its head toward heaven'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:69","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-e kug-ga izi ... la2 'had the holy hoe refined with fire'; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:70","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Anuna al-hul2-hul2 'were rejoicing' (hul2 'rejoice' carries the /al/ pun); faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:71","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","A. D. Kilmer, RlA s.v. Musik"],"reasoning":"al-ĝar-sur (surx = UZ3xBALAĜ in source) musical instrument, token 'drumstick'; WoH transliterates with source gloss. Organology debated (Kilmer, RlA); honestly flagged. Matches ETCSL ('drumsticks')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:72","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","A. D. Kilmer, RlA s.v. Musik"],"reasoning":"al-ĝar-sur (surx = UZ3xBALAĜ in source) musical instrument, token 'drumstick'; WoH transliterates with source gloss. Organology debated (Kilmer, RlA); honestly flagged. Matches ETCSL ('drumsticks')."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:73","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"en-e al-a-ni gud-gin7 mur ...sa4 'the lord bellowed at his hoe like a bull'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:74","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"DISPUTED CONSTRUAL: irigal 'grave' + al saĝ ki-a tum2 'the hoe carries the head down into the earth'. WoH renders the down-into-ground sense of both L74-75; ETCSL reads the pair as burial AND disinterment ('but dead people are also brought up'). WoH's principal-reading choice is defensible and the disinterment/Enkidu-ghost allusion is noted in commentary. 'grave' for irigal (not 'netherworld') is standard."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:75","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"ad6 (adx=BAD.LU2) 'corpse' + al-e ki-ta tum2 'carried down into the ground'; rendering of the second hemistich consistent with the L74 construal choice. Defensible; allusion flagged."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:76","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"sul idim an-na ses-ban3-da Nergal 'the mighty youth of An, younger brother of Nergal'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:77","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ur-saĝ Gilgames al-e sa-par4-am3 'the hero Gilgamesh: by the hoe he is a hunting-net'; faithful, sa-par4 'net' token."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:78","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"DISPUTED (fine-grain pun): the pun pivots gisal 'hoe' -> ĝisal 'oar' (near-homophone; token 'oar'); WoH 'foremost at the oar (ĝisal)' with the rowing-across-death-waters allusion noted, matching ETCSL. Added variant epithet gasam 'sage' rendered as a one-manuscript addition per convention, not promoted."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:79","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-e id2-da kindagal-am3 'by the hoe he is the chief barber of the watercourses' (the canal-trimming metaphor); WoH keeps the literal kindagal; matches ETCSL. Composition-local metaphor, no entry needed."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:80","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"dag/ki agrun-na-ka al-e sukkal-am3 'in the residence/place of the cella, by the hoe he is the minister'; variant preserved; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:81","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"OPEN CRUX (escalated in editor report): hul-ĝal2 ud nu2-a dumu al-me-es 'the evil ones who lie about in the daylight are sons of the hoe'. Genuinely obscure even in standard editions; WoH keeps a literal-as-possible rendering and FLAGS the obscurity in commentary rather than smoothing as ETCSL does. The honest handling is correct; the human reviewer should eyeball."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:82","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"OPEN CRUX (escalated): u4-sa2 dug4-ga-ta an-ta u3-tud-de3-es 'born from heaven after sleep had been spoken of'. The syntax of 'sleep having been spoken' is uncertain; ETCSL smooths to 'born in sleep from heaven'. WoH's literal rendering with the obscurity flagged is defensible; no glossary entry asserted for a passage this insecure. Human eyeball recommended."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:83","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"an-se3 al-ti-ri2-gu7 musen diĝir-ra 'in heaven the al-tirigu bird, the bird of the god'; token hedges 'wren?'. WoH transliterates + best gloss, flagged provisional. Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:84","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ki-se3 al-am3 ... ur-ra / usumgal 'on earth the hoe: a dog in the reedbeds, a dragon in the forest'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:85","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (dur-allub battle-axe); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:86","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (al-luhab battle-net); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:87","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (maltum bowl); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:88","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (mayaltum sledge); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:89","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (argibil rack); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:91","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (allanum oak); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:92","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (arganum balm); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:93","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"al-initial/hoe-adjacent technical noun (algamesh stone); ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge several of these. WoH transliterates + best available gloss and flags identifications provisional (overlay entry claim_type=inferred). Matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:90","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-am3 mu-bi dug3-ga ... hur-saĝ-ĝa2 ĝal2 'the hoe -- sweet is its name -- is present on the hill-country'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:94","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al lum-lum-ma / al lam-lam-ma 'the hoe makes things thrive / flourish'; lum/lam carry the /al/ pun; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:95","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","project lacuna-bracket convention"],"reasoning":"OPEN CRUX (escalated): principal sa-par4 'a hunting-net' vs damaged witness sabra-[...] 'an overseer ...' with both /...\\ damage-marker and [...] lacuna in source. WoH leads with the principal and renders the partial variant without reconstructing the gap, applying both the manuscript-variant and lacuna/damage conventions. Damage honestly represented. Human eyeball recommended."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:96","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries (1994), pp. 302-307"],"reasoning":"HUMAN-CREATION CLIMAX, verified clean: al u3-sub-ba / al saĝ ĝal2-la-am3 'the hoe is the brick-mould; the hoe is what made mankind exist'. Tokens: u3-sub 'brick mould', saĝ ĝal2 'made (the first/head) exist'. WoH text is the plain identity-statement, matching ETCSL ('the hoe is brick moulds, the hoe has made people exist'). This line is the in-text lexical warrant for the L19 brick-mould reading; the clay-creation comparanda stay in the L19 apparatus. No lens in the text."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:97","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-am3 a2 nam-ĝurus-a-kam 'the hoe is the strength of young manhood'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:98","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al dusu niĝ2 iri du3-du3-dam 'the hoe and carrying-basket are the tools for building cities'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:99","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"e2 zid al-du3-e / gana2 zid al-ĝa2-ĝa2 'it builds the rightful house, lays out the rightful field'; /al/ puns glossed; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:100","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"gan2-ne2 zid-de3 su daĝal-la-me-en 'it is you, hoe, who broaden the rightful field'; daĝal 'broaden' (with daĝal echo); matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:101","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"The rebel-field tricolon: field that rebels (bal) / will not bow its neck (gu2 nu-ĝar) / the hoe makes it bend its neck to its owner (lugal); faithful, the bal/lugal puns present; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:102","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"The rebel-field tricolon: field that rebels (bal) / will not bow its neck (gu2 nu-ĝar) / the hoe makes it bend its neck to its owner (lugal); faithful, the bal/lugal puns present; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:103","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"The rebel-field tricolon: field that rebels (bal) / will not bow its neck (gu2 nu-ĝar) / the hoe makes it bend its neck to its owner (lugal); faithful, the bal/lugal puns present; matches ETCSL."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:104","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"u2numun2 hul ... saĝ dub2-dub2 'makes the heads of the vile esparto-grass tremble'; numun2 token 'alfalfa', WoH 'esparto-grass' (ETCSL 'esparto grasses') both within the weed-name range; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:105","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"ur2-ba bur12 / pa-bi ze2 'tears them out by the roots, rips away their stalks'; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:106","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-e hirin su-se3 al-ĝa2-ĝa2 'the hoe brings the hirin-weed to hand'; matches ETCSL ('subdues the hirin weeds'). /al/ pun glossed."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:107","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-e ĝis nam tar-ra a-a Enlil-la2 'the hoe, the implement whose destiny Father Enlil decreed'; closes the destiny-inclusio with L16; faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:108","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"al-e za3-mi2 dug4-ga 'the celebrated hoe be praised'; za3-mi2 doxology (central entry); faithful."},{"refId":"SOTH-WOH-1:109","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)"],"reasoning":"Nisaba za3-mi2 'Nisaba be praised' -- the standard za3-mi2 colophon naming the scribal patron; faithful."}],"glossaryReview":[{"glossary_id":"al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","J. Black, Reading Sumerian Poetry (1998), pp. 64-71","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct is correct: the /al/ paronomasia is an explicit, audible formal feature of the source sound-shape, and the meaning-plus-parenthetical-Sumerian rendering is the consensus ETCSL editorial practice, not a WoH synthesis. The rationale's lexical evidence (the al-bearing verbs, al-tar, al...dug4, the closing al-noun catalogue) is accurate. The cosmological readings are correctly kept out of this convention entry."},{"glossary_id":"al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Harps that Once (1987), pp. 332-334","Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries (1994), pp. 302-307","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct is correct: 'hoe/mattock' is the uncontested core sense of gisal (ĝis wood-determinative), the ETCSL standard; Jacobsen's 'pickax' alternative is noted and reasonably declined. The dual digging/brick-mould-tamping function is warranted by the text itself (L19, L96) and Mesopotamian building-realia (Moorey). The cross-corpus clay-creation link is correctly labelled thematic/commentary, not asserted as direct."},{"glossary_id":"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct and well-judged: the L44 agent-reading 'hoe-wielder' is flagged uncertain by ETCSL itself ('hoe wielder (?)'), and the context-split into agent/activity/adjective senses is an editorial reading of the syntax rather than a lexicon-fixed fact. Honestly hedged; not speculative (it rests on ETCSL + Black et al.)."},{"glossary_id":"uzu-ea-uzu-mua-where-flesh-came-forth-human-emergence-place","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)","Westermann, Genesis 1-11 (1984), pp. 199-207","W. G. Lambert, JTS 16 (1965)"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct. The uzu='flesh' gloss and the self-glossing toponym-translation are direct (manuscripts self-gloss); what is inferred is the identification as THE human-emergence place (Nippur cosmographic tradition: Jacobsen, Kramer) and the Genesis 2:7 adam/adamah comparandum (Westermann; Lambert 1965) -- both correctly held to commentary, never in i18n.en. The lexical evidence cited is accurate. FLAGGED FOR HUMAN: this is one of the lens-bearing readings; the human reviewer should confirm the epistemic pitch, but the label itself is right."},{"glossary_id":"dur-an-ki-bond-of-heaven-and-earth-bulug-axis","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)","A. R. George, House Most High (1993), s.v. Dur-an-ki / E-kur"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct: Dur-an-ki = 'bond of heaven and earth' (Nippur cult-name) is consensus, but the precise sense of bulug (token 'sharp object'; peg/stake/axis range) is not lexicon-fixed, so the cosmic-axis/'cosmic bond' rendering is a reasoned reading. Citations (Jacobsen, Kramer, George) are apt."},{"glossary_id":"sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries (1994), pp. 302-307","Lambert-Millard, Atra-hasis (1969), pp. 56-60","Westermann, Genesis 1-11 (1984), pp. 199-207"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct. saĝ as 'first/foremost specimen' (not anatomical 'head') is a defensible context-construal supported by the L18A and L96 parallels (ETCSL 'first model'; Jacobsen 'vanguard'); u3-sub='brick mould' is direct (Moorey). The moulded/mass-produced-human and clay-creation cross-corpus reading (Enki and Ninmah; Atrahasis I; Gen 2:7) is honestly labelled inferred/comparative and kept to commentary. Crucially, L96 gives the IN-TEXT warrant (the hoe IS the brick-mould that made mankind exist), so this is not speculative. The lexical evidence is real. FLAGGED FOR HUMAN: lens-bearing; confirm pitch."},{"glossary_id":"numun-kalam-ma-seed-of-the-land-human-germination","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)","Westermann, Genesis 1-11 (1984), pp. 199-207"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct: numun='seed' and dar='break through' are direct lexical facts; that the passage portrays HUMANKIND germinating from the soil is the consensus reading resting on construing the collective (kalam/unstated subject) as the human-stock. ETCSL's own 'the human seed of the Land' supports it. The botanical-vs-plastic Genesis contrast is correctly comparative/commentary. Not speculative. FLAGGED FOR HUMAN: lens-bearing; confirm pitch."},{"glossary_id":"shu-giri-nose-hand-to-nose-obeisance-idiom","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","CAD A/2 pp. 188-189; CAD L (labanu)","central giri-ki-su-ub-appa-labanu-prostration-gesture-cross-corpus"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct is correct: the gesture-idiom is explicit in the tokens (su 'hand' + giri17 'nose' + ĝal2 'place'), and the reverence-function is consensus; no contested philology. Correctly distinguished as the hand-to-nose salute, a sibling of (not identical to) the central nose-to-ground prostration entry. CAD A/2 appa labanu citation is apt."},{"glossary_id":"ninmena-birth-goddess-epithet-crown-lady","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","F. A. M. Wiggermann, RlA 9 s.v. Nin-hursaĝ","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct: Ninmena = 'Lady of the Crown' (nin+men) is direct, but her identification WITH the birth-goddess function (Nintur/Ninhursaĝa/Ninmaḫ) is a scholarly identification-across-names (Wiggermann RlA; Jacobsen), consensus but not an explicit equation in this text -- properly inferred, and properly contrasted with the direct Nunamnir=Enlil equation. Sound."},{"glossary_id":"nunamnir-enlil-epithet-leader-of-heaven-and-earth","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness (1976)","Kramer, The Sumerians (1963), pp. 118-122"],"reasoning":"claim_type=direct is correct: Nunamnir=Enlil is an uncontested, lexicon-level by-name equation across the Sumerological literature (Jacobsen; Kramer; Black et al.), especially in Nippur theology. The contrast drawn with the inferred Ninmena identification is exactly right (a fixed by-name vs an identification-across-functions). Defensible as direct."},{"glossary_id":"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93","status":"approve","citations":["ETCSL c.5.5.4 (Black, Cunningham, Robson, Zólyomi)","Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), pp. 308-312","ePSD2 / PSD entries; A. D. Kilmer, RlA s.v. Musik"],"reasoning":"claim_type=inferred is correct and honest: the transliterations are direct but the glosses are tentative (ETCSL's own token-glosses hedge -- 'wren?', 'type of net/bowl/sledge', 'wooden structure', 'type of conifer/stone'), so the identifications are provisional. Bundling eleven shared-decision lexemes into one entry follows the one-entry-per-decision principle and is reasonable since none recurs in the active corpus."}],"lens-leakage-flags":[],"humanReviewerNotes":["Confirm the epistemic pitch of the four lens-bearing inferred readings: uzu-ea-uzu-mua-..., sag-namluulu-ushub-..., numun-kalam-ma-..., and the toil-relief topos (commentary at L31 via central du-lum-dullu-...). All are correctly labelled inferred and rest on named scholarship; the gate is project-stance, not philology.","Eyeball the two source-insecure cruxes the renderings honestly preserve rather than smooth: L81-82 ('sons of the hoe ... born from heaven after sleep had been spoken of') and L95 (damaged sabra-[...] variant vs principal sa-par4). No reading is secure in the standard editions; the WoH handling flags the obscurity and preserves the gap, which is the correct conservative call.","Eyeball the L18/18A manuscript divergence (the immediate run-up to the human-creation line 19): the composite is uneven and the 18A purpose-clause is single-witness. The inline-variant rendering reads cleanly and 18A is correctly subordinated to 19.","Note the two editor non-promotions to the central glossary (Ninmena -> birth-goddess cluster; Nunamnir -> Enlil/triad entry). Both are sound as overlay-recorded single-text epithets under a recurrence criterion; promote only if either recurs in a later composition."]}},
"segments": [],
"lines": [
{
"n": 1,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:1",
"translit": "en-e niĝ2-du7-e pa na-an-ga-mi-in-e3",
"i18n": {
"en": "Not only did the lord cause what is fitting to come forth,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"digir-sumerian-divine-lexeme-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂗𒂊 𒃻𒌌𒂊 𒉺 𒈾𒀭𒂵𒈪𒅔𒌓𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 2,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:2",
"translit": "en nam tar-ra-na šu nu-bal-e-de3",
"i18n": {
"en": "the lord whose decreed destinies cannot be overturned —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂗 𒉆 𒋻𒊏𒈾 𒋗 𒉡𒁄𒂊𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 3,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:3",
"translit": "^den-lil2 numun kalam-ma {ki-ta} {() eš3-ta} {ed2-de3} {() ed3-de3}",
"i18n": {
"en": "Enlil, who makes the seed of the Land sprout up from the {earth} {alternate manuscript: shrine} —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus",
"kalam-ka-na-ag-the-land-cross-corpus",
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention",
"numun-kalam-ma-seed-of-the-land-human-germination"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The composition opens by imagining humankind as a *crop*. *numun kalam-ma* — 'the seed (*numun*) of the Land (*kalam*)' — is the human seed-stock of Sumer that Enlil germinates; *kalam* is governed by `kalam-ka-na-ag-the-land-cross-corpus`, and the human-as-seed reading by `numun-kalam-ma-seed-of-the-land-human-germination`. ETCSL renders 'the human seed of the Land'. The Translator's option of spelling out *numun* as 'human seed' in the verse was declined for accuracy: 'the seed of the Land' is closer to the Sumerian and lets the human referent surface from context. The principal witness has the seed sprout *ki-ta* ('from the earth', chthonic emergence); variants have *eš3-ta* ('from the shrine', cultic emergence), preserved via the manuscript-variant convention — the variant shifts the cosmology from soil-germination to temple-emergence. The botanical image (humans sprouting from the ground) recurs at the Uzu-mua toponym (line 6) and the breaking-through-the-soil of line 20; the comparative reach to Genesis 2:7's *ʾāḏām / ʾăḏāmâ* (human named for the ground) is noted at line 6 and kept to the apparatus.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒆰 𒌧𒈠 𒆠𒋫 𒀊𒋫 𒌓𒁺𒉈 𒇯𒁺𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 4,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:4",
"translit": "an ki-ta ba9-re6-de3 saĝ na-an-ga-ma-an-šum2",
"i18n": {
"en": "hastening to part heaven from earth, he set to it,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Lines 4-5 are the *separation-of-heaven-and-earth* cosmogony, here as a couplet of perfect chiasmus: 'part heaven from earth' (4) / 'part earth from heaven' (5). The verb *bad* (here *ba9-re6*, 'to open, part') opens the primal mass so the hoe can do its work. The same separation-cosmogony heads Enki and Ninmah (*an ki-bi-ta* — see that overlay's `an-ki-bi-ta-heaven-and-earth-separation-cosmogony`) and *Gilgameš, Enkidu and the Netherworld*; the ANE type is shared with Genesis 1:6-8 (the *rāqîaʿ* dividing the waters). The reading here is the scholarly consensus (Jacobsen, Kramer, Lambert) and is not WoH-distinctive; the couplet simply stages the cosmic ground-clearing that the creation of the hoe (line 8) and of humankind (line 19) will fill.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭 𒆠𒋫 𒁁𒁺𒉈 𒊕 𒈾𒀭𒂵𒈠𒀭𒋧",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 5,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:5",
"translit": "ki an-ta ba9-re6-de3 saĝ na-an-ga-ma-an-šum2",
"i18n": {
"en": "hastening to part earth from heaven, he set to it."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠 𒀭𒋫 𒁁𒁺𒉈 𒊕 𒈾𒀭𒂵𒈠𒀭𒋧",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 6,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:6",
"translit": "{uzu-e3-a} {() uzu-mu2-a} saĝ mu2-mu2-de3",
"i18n": {
"en": "So that flesh might sprout forth at {Uzu-ea (‘Where Flesh Came Forth’)} {alternate manuscript: Uzu-mua (‘Where Flesh Grew’)},"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention",
"uzu-ea-uzu-mua-where-flesh-came-forth-human-emergence-place"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Uzu-ea / Uzu-mua is the cosmic location where humankind first emerges, and the manuscripts name it by its own etymology: *uzu-e3-a* 'Where Flesh Came Forth' (*uzu* 'flesh' + *e3* 'to come out') against *uzu-mu2-a* 'Where Flesh Grew' (*uzu* 'flesh' + *mu2* 'to sprout'). Both agree that *flesh* is the matter humankind issues from; they differ only on the verb of emergence. ETCSL translates the name in running prose and flags it 'the name of a cosmic location'; the WoH translation keeps the toponym transliterated and appends the translated etymology (per `uzu-ea-uzu-mua-where-flesh-came-forth-human-emergence-place`), matching the project's handling of self-glossing Sumerian toponyms and avoiding any lens-loaded over-rendering. In the Nippur cosmographic tradition (Jacobsen, *Treasures of Darkness* 1976, pp. 112-113; Kramer, *Sumerian Mythology*) this is the spot, at or near Dur-an-ki (line 7), where the first humans broke through the ground. Comparatively, the *uzu* ('flesh') substance sits beside the *im* ('clay') of Enki and Ninmah and Atraḫasīs I and the *ʿăp̄ār* ('dust') of Genesis 2:7 — and the Sumerian, like the Hebrew, *names the place/creature for the substance* (Uzu-mua / *ʾăḏāmâ*). The comparison is an *inferred* comparative reading, kept to the apparatus and never asserted in the English text.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒍜𒌓𒁺𒀀 𒍜𒊬𒀀 𒊕 𒊬𒊬𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 7,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:7",
"translit": "dur-an-ki-ka bulug {nam-mi-in-la2} {() nam-il2-e} {() nam-il2-la}",
"i18n": {
"en": "at Dur-an-ki he {fixed} {alternate manuscript: raised up} the cosmic bond."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention",
"dur-an-ki-bond-of-heaven-and-earth-bulug-axis"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Dur-an-ki ('the Bond of Heaven and Earth', *dur* 'bond' + *an* 'heaven' + *ki* 'earth') is the cult-name of Nippur and the cosmological hinge where heaven and earth are tied together (Jacobsen, *Treasures of Darkness* 1976, pp. 100, 121; George, *House Most High* 1993). ETCSL preserves the toponym; the WoH translation does the same and gives the etymology here, not in the verse (per `dur-an-ki-bond-of-heaven-and-earth-bulug-axis`). The object Enlil fixes, *bulug* (token-glossed 'sharp object'), ranges over 'peg / pin / boundary-stake / axis': the line is read as the establishing of the world-axis or world-pole, ETCSL's 'the axis of the world'. The WoH 'the cosmic bond' ties *bulug* lexically to the Dur(-an-ki) 'bond' while keeping the cosmic-axis sense; the peg / stake alternatives are flagged. The principal verb is *la2* ('fix, suspend'); variants have *il2* ('raise up'), preserved via the manuscript-variant convention — the two are not in tension (one suspends the axis, the other raises it).",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒄙𒀭𒆠𒅗 𒁑 𒉆𒈪𒅔𒇲 𒉆𒅍𒂊 𒉆𒅍𒆷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 8,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:8",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e mu-un-ĝar ud al-e3",
"i18n": {
"en": "He set the hoe (al) to work, and daylight broke forth (al-e3)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention",
"al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "This line launches the defining feature of the hymn: the /al/ paronomasia. *ĝišal* is the noun 'hoe (al)'; *ud al-e3* puns that same syllable into the verb *e3* ('to come forth') so that the daylight 'al-e3' breaks forth as the hoe 'al' is set to work. From here the scribe threads /al/ through scores of unrelated words — verbal prefixes, the noun *al-tar*, the *al ... dug4* 'desire' idiom, and a closing catalogue of *al*-initial nouns. The pun is untranslatable: English sense and Sumerian sound cannot both be carried in the running text. Per `al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention` the WoH translation renders the meaning and appends the Sumerian pun-word in parentheses at each occurrence (the ETCSL convention; Black et al. 2004); the verse text is never distorted to fabricate an English pun. Jeremy Black, *Reading Sumerian Poetry* (1998), pp. 64-71, treats this hymn as the locus-classicus of Sumerian wordplay. On *ud*: the token-gloss allows both 'daylight' and 'storm'; ETCSL reads 'daylight broke forth' (creation-of-day paired with the hoe's first stroke), adopted here, with the day/storm ambiguity of *ud* recurring at lines 36, 47, 59, 62, 81. The hoe lexeme itself is governed by `al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme`.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒈬𒌦𒃻 𒌓 𒀠𒌓𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 9,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:9",
"translit": "eš2-gar3 mu-un-du3 nam al-tar-re",
"i18n": {
"en": "He instituted the work-roster, and decreed (al-tar-re) the daily tasks."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂠𒃼 𒈬𒌦𒆕 𒉆 𒀠𒋻𒊑",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 10,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:10",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e ^ĝišdusu-e a2 si ba-ab-sa2-e ",
"i18n": {
"en": "For the hoe (al) and the carrying-basket he set the wages in good order."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒂊 𒀉 𒋛 𒁀𒀊𒁲𒂊 ",
"cuneiform_confidence": "low"
},
{
"n": 11,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:11",
"translit": "^den-lil2-le ^ĝišal-a-ni za3-mi2 ba-an-dug4",
"i18n": {
"en": "Then Enlil sang the praise (za3-mi2) of his hoe (al),"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"za-mi-doxological-praise-formula-sumerian-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂗𒆤𒇷 𒀀𒉌 𒍠𒊩 𒁀𒀭𒅗",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 12,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:12",
"translit": "^ĝišal-a-ni kug-sig17-ga saĝ-bi ^na4za-gin3-na",
"i18n": {
"en": "his hoe (al) of gold, its head of lapis lazuli,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀀𒉌 𒆬𒄀𒂵 𒊕𒁉 𒎎𒍝𒆳𒈾",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 13,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:13",
"translit": "^ĝišal sa la2-a-ni kug-me kug-sig17-ga",
"i18n": {
"en": "his hoe (al) whose blade was lashed on with cord, of silver and gold,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒊓 𒇲𒀀𒉌 𒆬𒈨 𒆬𒄀𒂵",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 14,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:14",
"translit": "^ĝišal-a-ni a2 bulug-ba apin ^na4za-gin3-na-kam",
"i18n": {
"en": "his hoe (al), the tip of whose arm was a plough of lapis lazuli,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀀𒉌 𒀉 𒁑𒁀 𒀳 𒎎𒍝𒆳𒈾𒄰",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 15,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:15",
"translit": "zu2-bi gud-si-AŠ {bad3 gal ed2-de3-dam} {() saĝ gal u3-tud-da}",
"i18n": {
"en": "whose tooth was a battering-ram {standing up to a great wall} {alternate manuscript: born for a great person},"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒅗𒁉 𒄞𒋛𒀸 𒂦 𒃲 𒌓𒁺𒉈𒁮 𒊕 𒃲 𒅇𒌅𒁕",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 16,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:16",
"translit": "en-e ^ĝišal mu-un-šid nam mi-ni-ib-tar-re",
"i18n": {
"en": "The lord reckoned up the hoe (al) and decreed (mi-ni-ib-tar-re) its destiny;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂗𒂊 𒈬𒌦𒋃 𒉆 𒈪𒉌𒅁𒋻𒊑",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 17,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:17",
"translit": "ki-in-du men kug saĝ-ĝa2 mu-ni-in-ĝal2",
"i18n": {
"en": "upon its head he set a shining crown of earth."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "*ki-in-du men kug saĝ-ĝa2*: Enlil sets a 'shining crown' (*men kug*, *men* 'diadem') upon the hoe's head. *ki-in-du* (token-glossed '(stretch of) earth') is construed two ways — either qualifying the crown ('a crown *of earth*', the hoe crowned with the very soil it works) or adverbial ('on the tract of earth he set a crown upon its head'). The WoH translation takes the first, 'a shining crown of earth', which reads the hoe as crowned with its own element; ETCSL's English leaves the line partly elliptical (the verse trails off with '……'). The reading is a minor crux of construal, not of cosmology; either way the hoe is being royally invested before it is set to the work of making humankind.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠𒅔𒁺 𒃞 𒆬 𒊕𒂷 𒈬𒉌𒅔𒅅",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 18,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:18",
"translit": "{{uzu-e3-a} {() uzu-mu2-a} ^ĝišal am3-mi-ni-in-du3}",
"i18n": {
"en": "There, {at Uzu-ea (‘Where Flesh Came Forth’) he set this very hoe (al) to work;} {alternate manuscript: at Uzu-mua (‘Where Flesh Grew’), the unassailable,}"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒍜𒌓𒁺𒀀 𒍜𒊬𒀀 𒀀𒀭𒈪𒉌𒅔𒆕",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": "18A",
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:18A",
"translit": "uzu-mu2-a saĝ nu-ĝa2-ĝa2-de3",
"i18n": {
"en": "so as to settle a head (the first of mankind) at Uzu-mua,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention",
"sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Line 18A (preserved by one witness; the {{...}} and variant brackets at line 18 reflect the manuscript divergence and are kept per the convention) supplies the purpose-clause for line 19: *saĝ nu-ĝa2-ĝa2-de3*, 'to settle a head' at Uzu-mua. *saĝ* ('head') is read here as 'the first / foremost (specimen)' of humankind — the prototype individual — the same inceptive sense carried into line 19 and echoed at line 96; see `sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype`.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒍜𒊬𒀀 𒊕 𒉡𒂷𒂷𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 19,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:19",
"translit": "saĝ nam-lu2-ulu3 u3-šub-ba mi-ni-in-ĝar",
"i18n": {
"en": "he placed the first of humankind in the brick-mould."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"nam-lu2-ulu3-sumerian-humankind-cross-corpus",
"sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The human-creation crux. Enlil places the *saĝ nam-lu2-ulu3* — 'the first of humankind' — into the *u3-šub*, the brick-mould (`sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype`). *saĝ* ('head') is construed as 'the first / foremost specimen' (ETCSL 'the first model'; Jacobsen 'the vanguard'), confirmed by the parallel at line 18A and the litany at line 96; *nam-lu2-ulu3* ('humankind') is governed centrally by `nam-lu2-ulu3-sumerian-humankind-cross-corpus`. The *u3-šub* is the open wooden frame in which wet clay is shaped into mud-bricks (Moorey, *Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries* 1994, pp. 304-307): humankind is *cast like a brick*, in the brick-maker's matrix — the image returns outright at line 96, 'the hoe is the brick-mould'. This is a *technological* form of the ANE clay-creation of humankind: Ninmah pinches humans from *im* (abzu-clay) in Enki and Ninmah; Mami / Bēlet-ilī mixes clay with the slain god's blood in Atraḫasīs I (lines 210-230); YHWH-Elohim forms *hā-ʾāḏām* from *ʿăp̄ār min-hā-ʾăḏāmâ* ('dust from the ground') in Genesis 2:7. The Song of the Hoe's distinctive note is the *mould* — humankind moulded, even mass-produced, rather than hand-modelled. This cross-corpus reading is *inferred* (a reasonable comparative reading of shared creation-from-earth motifs), documented here only; the English text reads as a plain scholarly rendering and carries no lens-claim.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒊕 𒉆𒇽𒍇 𒅇𒊒𒁀 𒈪𒉌𒅔𒃻",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 20,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:20",
"translit": "^den-lil2-še3 kalam-ma-ni ki mu-un-ši-in-dar-re",
"i18n": {
"en": "Before Enlil, his Land began to break up through the soil."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"kalam-ka-na-ag-the-land-cross-corpus",
"numun-kalam-ma-seed-of-the-land-human-germination"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The germination of humankind made literal. *ki ... dar* — the verb *dar* ('to split, break through') — has the Land (*kalam*, the people) breaking up through the ground toward Enlil, the first humans pushing up out of the soil like sprouting plants (`numun-kalam-ma-seed-of-the-land-human-germination`). ETCSL: 'his Land started to break through the soil'. This closes the seed-image opened at line 3 (*numun kalam-ma*, 'the seed of the Land') and the *uzu-mu2-a* 'Where Flesh *Grew*' toponym: the whole creation arc is botanical — seed sown, ground opened by the hoe, crop of humankind erupting. The plant-emergence motif is the Sumerian counterpart to the *plastic* (moulded-from-dust) creation of Genesis 2:7; the comparison is *inferred* and kept to the apparatus. Line 21 (*saĝ gig2-ga*, the 'black-headed people', governed centrally by `sag-gig-ga-black-headed-people-sumerian-self-designation-cross-corpus`) then has Enlil look on the new humankind with favour.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂗𒆤𒂠 𒌧𒈠𒉌 𒆠 𒈬𒌦𒅆𒅔𒁯𒊑",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 21,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:21",
"translit": "saĝ gig2-ga-ni-še3 igi zid mu-ši-in-bar",
"i18n": {
"en": "He looked with favour upon his black-headed people."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"sag-gig-ga-black-headed-people-sumerian-self-designation-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒊕 𒈪𒂵𒉌𒂠 𒅆 𒍣 𒈬𒅆𒅔𒁇",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 22,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:22",
"translit": "^da-nun-na mu-un-na-sug2-sug2-ge-eš",
"i18n": {
"en": "Now the Anuna gods stepped forward to him,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"anuna-collective-of-great-gods-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾 𒈬𒌦𒈾𒁻𒁻𒄀𒌍",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 23,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:23",
"translit": "šu-bi giri17-ba mu-un-ne-ĝal2",
"i18n": {
"en": "and laid their hands upon their noses (in obeisance) before him."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"shu-giri-nose-hand-to-nose-obeisance-idiom"
],
"notes": {
"official": "*šu-bi giri17-ba ... ĝal2*: the Anuna 'place their hands at their noses' — the Mesopotamian hand-to-nose gesture of reverence and submission (`shu-giri-nose-hand-to-nose-obeisance-idiom`). ETCSL renders functionally ('did obeisance to him'), dropping the gesture; the WoH translation keeps the literal body-language and adds a parenthetical gloss. This is a *sibling* idiom of the central prostration entry `giri-ki-su-ub-appa-labanu-prostration-gesture-cross-corpus`, which covers the nose-*to-the-ground* full prostration (Sum. *giri17 ki su-ub*; Akk. *appa labānu*; Heb. *šaḥah ʾappayim ʾarṣah*); the line-23 gesture is the lesser hand-*to-the-nose* salute, the same reverence-family pivoting on the nose (*giri17* / *appu*) as focal body-part. The fuller cross-corpus apparatus lives at the central entry.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒋗𒁉 𒅗𒁀 𒈬𒌦𒉈𒅅",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 24,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:24",
"translit": "^den-lil2 a-ra-zu-a mu-ni-in-ḫuĝ-e-ne",
"i18n": {
"en": "With a prayer they soothed Enlil,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒀀𒊏𒍪𒀀 𒈬𒉌𒅔𒂊𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 25,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:25",
"translit": "uĝ3 saĝ gig2-ga al mu-un-da-be2-ne ",
"i18n": {
"en": "for they were demanding (al ... be2-ne) the black-headed people from him."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"sag-gig-ga-black-headed-people-sumerian-self-designation-cross-corpus",
"al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The verbal idiom *al ... dug4/dug4-ge* ('to desire, demand') threads the hoe-syllable *al* through a verb of *wanting* — one of the most frequent of the puns (recurs at lines 43, 65, 66). Here the Anuna are 'demanding (al ... be2-ne) the black-headed people' from Enlil: the gods want humankind handed over to provide for them. This is the threshold of the *humans-relieve-the-gods'-toil* topos that the next lines (29-31) develop — the same narrative logic that drives Enki and Ninmah (the gods' lament at their labour) and Atraḫasīs I. The Sumerian pun-word is appended per `al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention`; *saĝ gig2-ga* ('black-headed people') is governed centrally.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌦 𒊕 𒈪𒂵 𒀠 𒈬𒌦𒁕𒁉𒉈 ",
"cuneiform_confidence": "low"
},
{
"n": 26,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:26",
"translit": "nin en u3-tud-de3 lugal u3-tud-de3",
"i18n": {
"en": "To give birth to a lady, to give birth to an en-priest, to give birth to a king —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒎏 𒂗 𒅇𒌅𒉈 𒈗 𒅇𒌅𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 27,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:27",
"translit": "^dnin-men-na-ke4 tud-tud al-ĝa2-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "Ninmena set going (al-ĝa2-ĝa2) the begetting of mankind."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"ninmena-birth-goddess-epithet-crown-lady"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Ninmena ('Lady of the Crown / Diadem', *nin* 'lady' + *men* 'crown') 'sets going the begetting of mankind' (*tud-tud al-ĝa2-ĝa2*; the verb *ĝar* 'place/establish' carries the /al/ pun) — having just (line 26) given birth to lady, en-priest, and king. The name is preserved as given (proper-name convention). She is identified in the Sumerological literature with the birth-goddess (the Nintur / Ninhursaĝa / Ninmaḫ function) in her *crown-bestowing / king-making* aspect — the *men* in her name tying to the *en* and *lugal* she bears at line 26 and to the 'shining crown' (*men kug*) of line 17; see `ninmena-birth-goddess-epithet-crown-lady`, which cross-references the central cluster `nintur-nintud-ninhursaga-birth-goddess-epithet-cluster-cross-corpus`. The identification is recorded in the overlay rather than added to the central cluster because Ninmena is a localized epithet here; the equation across names is *inferred* (consensus, but an identification rather than an explicit statement of this text). Note that Ninhursaĝa herself appears at line 46 and is governed directly by the central cluster entry.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒎏𒃞𒈾𒆤 𒌅𒌅 𒀠𒂷𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 28,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:28",
"translit": "mas-su an ki-a en ^dnu-nam-nir-ra",
"i18n": {
"en": "The leader of heaven and earth, Lord Nunamnir,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"nunamnir-enlil-epithet-leader-of-heaven-and-earth"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Nunamnir is a standard by-name of Enlil (`nunamnir-enlil-epithet-leader-of-heaven-and-earth`); the identification is uncontested across the Sumerological literature (Jacobsen; Kramer; Black et al.), especially in Nippur theology where Enlil and Nunamnir alternate freely. Here, as *mas-su* ('leader') of heaven and earth, he names the rightful and precious persons (line 29) and recruits them to provision the gods (lines 30-31). Because Nunamnir = Enlil is a fixed lexicon-level equation, the entry is *direct* (contrast Ninmena at line 27, whose identification with the birth-goddess function is an identification-across-names and so *inferred*). The name is preserved as given and identified in the apparatus; not added to the central triad entry, which fixes on the Enki by-name Nudimmud.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒈦𒋢 𒀭 𒆠𒀀 𒂗 𒀭𒉡𒉆𒉪𒊏",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 29,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:29",
"translit": "saĝ zid saĝ kal-la mu-ni-ib-sa4-sa4",
"i18n": {
"en": "called out the rightful persons, the precious persons,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒊕 𒍣 𒊕 𒆗𒆷 𒈬𒉌𒅁𒄷𒈿𒄷𒈿",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 30,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:30",
"translit": "saĝ-bi gu dili-a {mu-un-ed2-de3-a} {() mu-un-ne-ed3-de3-a} {() mu-un-ni-ib-du8}",
"i18n": {
"en": "and those persons he {brought forth} {alternate manuscript: led up} {alternate manuscript: laid out} on a single thread,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒊕𒁉 𒄖 𒀸𒀀 𒈬𒌦𒌓𒁺𒉈𒀀 𒈬𒌦𒉈𒇯𒁺𒉈𒀀 𒈬𒌦𒉌𒅁𒂃",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 31,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:31",
"translit": "diĝir-re-e-ne-ra šukur2-še3 mu-un-dab5-be2",
"i18n": {
"en": "and took them up to provide rations for the gods."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"digir-sumerian-divine-lexeme-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The humans-feed-the-gods motif. Nunamnir lines the new persons up 'on a single thread' (line 30) and recruits them *šukur2-še3* — to provide the *rations / prebend* (*šukur2*) of the gods. This is the *creation-of-humans-to-relieve-divine-toil* topos: humankind is made to take over the gods' labour and provisioning. The defining Sumerian statement of the topos is Enki and Ninmah (the gods' lament at their toil; Namma's appeal to create a substitute-worker — see that overlay's `kig-sig-line23-substitute-vs-evening-meal-crux`), and its Akkadian form is Atraḫasīs I (the gods complain; humans are fashioned to bear the corvée); the cross-corpus topos is documented centrally at `du-lum-dullu-divine-toil-relieved-by-humans-cross-corpus`. The reading is *inferred* (a reasonable comparative reading), kept to commentary; the *šukur2* 'ration' lexeme is composition-local and not given its own entry, the toil-relief topos being covered centrally. *diĝir* ('the gods') is governed by `digir-sumerian-divine-lexeme-cross-corpus`.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒊑𒂊𒉈𒊏 𒉻𒂠 𒈬𒌦𒆪𒁉",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 32,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:32",
"translit": "^den-ki-ke4 ^ĝišal-a-ni za3-mi2 ba-an-dug4",
"i18n": {
"en": "Then Enki sang the praise (za3-mi2) of his hoe (al),"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"za-mi-doxological-praise-formula-sumerian-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂗𒆠𒆤 𒀀𒉌 𒍠𒊩 𒁀𒀭𒅗",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 33,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:33",
"translit": "ki-sikil ^dnisaba eš-bar-ra ba-an-gub",
"i18n": {
"en": "and the maiden Nisaba was set over the keeping of the records."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠𒂖 𒀭𒊺𒉀 𒌍𒁇𒊏 𒁀𒀭𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 34,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:34",
"translit": "^ĝišal mul ^ĝišal kug-ba šu mu-un-ne-ĝal2",
"i18n": {
"en": "So the people took the radiant hoes (al), the holy hoes (al), into their hands."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒀯 𒆬𒁀 𒋗 𒈬𒌦𒉈𒅅",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 35,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:35",
"translit": "e2-kur e2 ^den-lil2-la2 ^ĝišal-e ĝar-ra-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "The E-kur, the house of Enlil, was founded with the hoe (al)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"ekur-house-of-the-mountain-enlil-temple-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂍𒆳 𒂍 𒀭𒂗𒆤𒇲 𒂊 𒃻𒊏𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 36,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:36",
"translit": "ud-de3 al-du3-e ĝi6 al-mu2-mu2",
"i18n": {
"en": "By day it built it up (al-du3-e); by night it made it grow (al-mu2-mu2)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌓𒉈 𒀠𒆕𒂊 𒈪 𒀠𒊬𒊬",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 37,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:37",
"translit": "nibru^ki ki ĝar-ra ama5 tum-ma-al^ki-a",
"i18n": {
"en": "In well-founded Nibru, in the women’s quarters of the Tummal —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"nibru-nippur-cuneiform-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒆠 𒃻𒊏 𒃣 𒌈𒈠𒀀",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 38,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:38",
"translit": "tum-ma-al {^gipisaĝ ninda} {() gašam in-du3} ama ^dnin-lil2-la2-kam",
"i18n": {
"en": "the Tummal, the {bread-basket} {alternate manuscript: masterwork raised by the craftsman} of Mother Ninlil —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌈𒈠𒀠 𒃻 𒉣𒈨𒋳 𒅔𒆕 𒂼 𒀭𒎏𒆤𒇲𒄰",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 39,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:39",
"translit": "e2-mi tum-ma-al^ki-a niĝ2 sa2 dug4-ga-ta",
"i18n": {
"en": "from the women’s estate at Tummal, with everything set in order,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂍𒈪 𒌈𒈠𒀀 𒃻 𒁲 𒅗𒂵𒋫",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 40,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:40",
"translit": "ur-saĝ ^dnin-urta ^den-lil2-ra mu-na-da-an-ku4-ku4",
"i18n": {
"en": "the hero Ninurta entered in before Enlil,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌨𒊕 𒀭𒎏𒅁 𒀭𒂗𒆤𒊏 𒈬𒈾𒁕𒀭𒆭𒆭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 41,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:41",
"translit": "maš2 gig2 nesaĝ en-na-ta",
"i18n": {
"en": "with a black kid and a first-fruit offering for the lord."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒈧 𒈪 𒉠 𒂗𒈾𒋫",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 42,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:42",
"translit": "kug ^dnin-i3-si-in-na ^den-lil2-ra mu-na-da-an-ku4-ku4",
"i18n": {
"en": "Holy Ninisina entered in before Enlil."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆬 𒀭𒎏𒉌𒋛𒅔𒈾 𒀭𒂗𒆤𒊏 𒈬𒈾𒁕𒀭𒆭𒆭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 43,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:43",
"translit": "abzu igi piriĝ3-ĝa2 me al nu-di-da ",
"i18n": {
"en": "Next the Abzu, with the lions before it, where the powers (me) may not be demanded (al ... di-da):"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"abzu-engur-sumerian-subterranean-deep-cross-corpus",
"me-sumerian-divine-offices-cosmic-functions",
"al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The Abzu — Enki's subterranean freshwater domain (`abzu-engur-sumerian-subterranean-deep-cross-corpus`) — is the place 'where the *me* may not be demanded'. *me* (the divine offices / cosmic functions, the flagship untranslatable Sumerian theological keyword) is governed centrally by `me-sumerian-divine-offices-cosmic-functions`, which already lists Enki and Ninmah v 51 and is here extended to the hoe-hymn. The verb is again the *al ... dug4* ('to desire, demand') idiom carrying the /al/ pun (cf. lines 25, 65, 66): the *me* are not to be *demanded* at the Abzu because they are Enki's by right. The next line names the builder as the *al-tar* / Lord Nudimmud.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒍪𒀊 𒅆 𒊌𒂷 𒈨 𒀠 𒉡𒁲𒁕 ",
"cuneiform_confidence": "low"
},
{
"n": 44,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:44",
"translit": "al-tar lu2 zid-de3 en ^dnu-dim2-mud-e",
"i18n": {
"en": "the hoe-wielder (al-tar), the rightful man, Lord Nudimmud —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "*al-tar* is a lexicalised /al/ pun (*al* 'hoe' + *tar*, which is also the verb 'to cut/decree') that the hymn deploys as a noun in two senses (`al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme`). Here at line 44 it is read as an agent-noun, 'hoe-wielder', an epithet of Lord Nudimmud (Enki, the fashioner-by-name of the cosmic triad, `an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus`) building the Abzu; ETCSL marks this reading uncertain ('hoe wielder (?)'). At lines 45, 47, 48, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60 the same word is the abstract 'construction-work / building-project' (the *gub* 'stand by, assist at' and *ba-an-dug4* 'commission' collocations support the activity-sense). The WoH translation splits the lexeme by context and appends the Sumerian *al-tar* at each occurrence per the paronomasia convention; the claim_type is *inferred* because the line-44 agent-reading is genuinely uncertain and the contextual split is an editorial reading of the syntax.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀠𒋻 𒇽 𒍣𒉈 𒂗 𒀭𒉡𒁶𒄷𒄭𒂊",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 45,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:45",
"translit": "abzu al-du3-e eridug^ki al-tar-ra",
"i18n": {
"en": "he was building (al-du3-e) the Abzu, Eridug being chosen for the construction-work (al-tar-ra)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"abzu-engur-sumerian-subterranean-deep-cross-corpus",
"five-antediluvian-cities-eridug-bad-tibira-larag-zimbir-shuruppag-cross-corpus",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme",
"al-paronomasia-hoe-syllable-whole-composition-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒍪𒀊 𒀠𒆕𒂊 𒀠𒋻𒊏",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 46,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:46",
"translit": "ama diĝir-re-e-ne ^dnin-ḫur-saĝ-ĝa2-ke4",
"i18n": {
"en": "The mother of the gods, Ninhursaga,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"digir-sumerian-divine-lexeme-cross-corpus",
"nintur-nintud-ninhursaga-birth-goddess-epithet-cluster-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂼 𒀭𒊑𒂊𒉈 𒀭𒎏𒊕𒂷𒆤",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 47,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:47",
"translit": "ud al-tar en-na keš3^ki-a mu-da-an-til3",
"i18n": {
"en": "had the mighty (al-tar) light of the lord dwell with her in Kesh,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Here *al-tar* is token-glossed as an adjective 'mighty' (a third contextual value of the pun-word, distinct from the agent 'hoe-wielder' of line 44 and the abstract 'construction-work' elsewhere); see `al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme`. The ETCSL English likewise hedges the adjectival reading ('the mighty (?) light').",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌓 𒀠𒋻 𒂗𒈾 𒀀 𒈬𒁕𒀭𒋾",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 48,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:48",
"translit": "^dšul-pa-e3-a na-nam ^ĝišal-tar mu-da-an-gub",
"i18n": {
"en": "and Shul-pa-e, none other, stood by her at the construction-work (al-tar)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺𒀀 𒈾𒉆 𒋻 𒈬𒁕𒀭𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 49,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:49",
"translit": "eš3 e2-an-na ^ĝišal-e kug-ga-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "The shrine E-ana was made holy by means of the hoe (al)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀊 𒂍𒀭𒈾 𒂊 𒆬𒂵𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 50,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:50",
"translit": "nin e2-an-na { im-ma-al } {() munus} zid-da",
"i18n": {
"en": "For the lady of E-ana, the rightful {wild cow} {alternate manuscript: woman} —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The lady of the E-ana (Inana's Uruk shrine) is the 'rightful {wild cow (*im-ma-al*)} {variant: woman (*munus*)}'. *immal2* ('wild cow') is a standard bovine epithet for goddesses in Sumerian poetry, evoking maternal strength and fertility; the variant simply has the plain *munus* ('woman'). The WoH translation leads with the principal *immal2* 'wild cow' and preserves *munus* via the manuscript-variant convention. The bovine epithet is left as the source gives it, not softened to 'true cow' (which would blunt the wild/untamed force of *immal2*). Line 50 is syntactically incomplete in the composite (the predicate runs into the surrounding lines); it is rendered as a noun phrase. The epithet is composition-local and not given its own glossary entry.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒎏 𒂍𒀭𒈾 𒅎𒈠𒀠 𒊩 𒍣𒁕",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 51,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:51",
"translit": "^ĝišal du6-du6-dam ^ĝišal ^u2KI.KAL-dam",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) deals with ruin-mounds; the hoe (al) deals with the weeds."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The logographic *^u2KI.KAL* ('writing for different types of grass / weeds') is preserved in capitals per the source — an unread sign-combination kept in its cuneiform values rather than vocalised, per the project's convention for insecure logograms (see `al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93`). The line pairs *du6* ('ruin-mound') with *KI.KAL* (weeds): the hoe levels mounds and clears growth, anticipating the weed-clearing finale (lines 104-106).",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒇯𒇯𒁮 𒁮",
"cuneiform_confidence": "low"
},
{
"n": 52,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:52",
"translit": "ki zabalam^ki-a ^ĝišal lu2 ^dinana-kam",
"i18n": {
"en": "In the city of Zabalam, the hoe (al) is Inana’s workman."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠 𒀀 𒇽 𒀭𒈹𒄰",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 53,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:53",
"translit": "^ĝišal nam mi-ni-ib-tar-re {sun4} {() zu2} za-gin3 ed2-de3",
"i18n": {
"en": "She decreed (mi-ni-ib-tar-re) the destiny of the hoe (al), bringing forth its projecting {beard} {alternate manuscript: tooth} of lapis lazuli."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus",
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒉆 𒈪𒉌𒅁𒋻𒊑 𒅾 𒅗 𒍝𒆳 𒌓𒁺𒉈",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 54,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:54",
"translit": "^ĝišal-tar-ra-ni-a ^dutu mu-da-an-gub",
"i18n": {
"en": "At her construction-work (al-tar), Utu stood by her;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"utu-shamash-sun-god-justice-divinity-cross-corpus",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒋻𒊏𒉌𒀀 𒀭𒌓 𒈬𒁕𒀭𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 55,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:55",
"translit": "^ĝišal-tar ka tar-ra šul ^dutu-kam",
"i18n": {
"en": "the celebrated construction-work (al-tar) is that of youthful Utu."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"utu-shamash-sun-god-justice-divinity-cross-corpus",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒋻 𒅗 𒋻𒊏 𒂄 𒀭𒌓𒄰",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 56,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:56",
"translit": "nin ĝeštug2 daĝal-la ^dnisaba-ke4",
"i18n": {
"en": "The lady of broad understanding, Nisaba,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒎏 𒄑𒌆𒉿 𒂼𒆷 𒀭𒊺𒉀𒆤",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 57,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:57",
"translit": "šudum e2-an-na-ka ^ĝišal-tar ba-an-dug4",
"i18n": {
"en": "ordered the survey of E-ana for the construction-work (al-tar),"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒋃 𒂍𒀭𒈾𒅗 𒋻 𒁀𒀭𒅗",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 58,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:58",
"translit": "e2-ḫa-mun na-nam ^ĝišal-tar mu-da-an-gub",
"i18n": {
"en": "and laid out, none other, her own E-hamun for the construction-work (al-tar)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂍𒁵 𒈾𒉆 𒋻 𒈬𒁕𒀭𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 59,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:59",
"translit": "lugal ^ĝišal šid-da us2-a ud zal-la",
"i18n": {
"en": "The king who reckoned up the hoe (al), who passes his days in its tracks —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒈗 𒋃𒁕 𒍑𒀀 𒌓 𒉌𒆷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 60,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:60",
"translit": "ur-saĝ ^dnin-urta ki-bal-a ^ĝišal-tar ba-an-gub",
"i18n": {
"en": "the hero Ninurta introduced the construction-work (al-tar) into the rebel land."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"al-tar-hoe-wielder-construction-work-pun-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "From line 59 the hymn turns martial: the hoe becomes Ninurta's weapon of conquest. *al-tar* 'construction-work' here shades toward 'the working of the hoe' as an instrument of subjugation, carried into the rebel land (*ki-bal*); the following lines (61-63) extend the /al/ pun through verbs of seizing (*al-ĝa2-ĝa2*, 'brings to hand / strikes down') and roaring (*al-gi4-gi4*). The hoe that builds also subdues — the same dual register the closing litany (lines 99-106) will gather up.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌨𒊕 𒀭𒎏𒅁 𒆠𒁄𒀀 𒋻 𒁀𒀭𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 61,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:61",
"translit": "iri en-še3 nu-še-ga šu-še3 al-ĝa2-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "He brings to hand (al-ĝa2-ĝa2) any city that will not submit to its lord."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌷 𒂗𒂠 𒉡𒊺𒂵 𒋗𒂠 𒀠𒂷𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 62,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:62",
"translit": "an-še3 ud-dam šeg11 al-gi4-gi4",
"i18n": {
"en": "Toward heaven he roars (al-gi4-gi4) like a storm;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂠 𒌓𒁮 𒅝 𒀠𒄄𒄄",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 63,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:63",
"translit": "ki-še3 ušumgal-am3 al-ĝa2-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "toward earth he strikes down (al-ĝa2-ĝa2) like a dragon."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠𒂠 𒃲𒁔𒀀𒀭 𒀠𒂷𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 64,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:64",
"translit": "^dšara2 ^den-lil2-la2 dub3-ba {nam-mi-in-tuš} {() nam-mi-in-ĝar}",
"i18n": {
"en": "Shara {sat down} {alternate manuscript: was set} upon Enlil’s knees,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒇋 𒀭𒂗𒆤𒇲 𒄭𒁀 𒉆𒈪𒅔𒆪 𒉆𒈪𒅔𒃻",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 65,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:65",
"translit": "niĝ2 al-dug4-ga-ni mu-na-da-ab-šum2-mu",
"i18n": {
"en": "and Enlil granted him whatever he desired (al-dug4-ga-ni):"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒃻 𒀠𒅗𒂵𒉌 𒈬𒈾𒁕𒀊𒋧𒈬",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 66,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:66",
"translit": "šita2 ^ĝištukul ti mar-uru5 {^ĝišal} {() al} am3-ma-an-dug4 ",
"i18n": {
"en": "he {mentioned the mace, the weapon, the arrow and quiver, and the hoe (al)} {alternate manuscript: desired (al ... dug4) the mace, the weapon, the arrow and quiver}."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒋖𒄑 𒋾 𒈥𒋽 𒀠 𒀀𒀭𒈠𒀭𒅗 ",
"cuneiform_confidence": "low"
},
{
"n": 67,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:67",
"translit": "^ddumu-zid al-lum-lum-ma igi-nim-ma-ka",
"i18n": {
"en": "Dumuzid is the one who makes the upper land thrive (al-lum-lum-ma)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒌉𒍣 𒀠𒈝𒈝𒈠 𒅆𒉏𒈠𒅗",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 68,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:68",
"translit": "^dgibil6 ^ĝišal-a-ni saĝ an-še3 mi-ni-il2",
"i18n": {
"en": "Gibil made his hoe (al) lift its head toward heaven;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒉈𒄀 𒀀𒉌 𒊕 𒀭𒂠 𒈪𒉌𒅍",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 69,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:69",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e kug-ga-am3 izi nam-mi-in-la2",
"i18n": {
"en": "he had the holy hoe (al) refined with fire."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒆬𒂵𒀀𒀭 𒉈 𒉆𒈪𒅔𒇲",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 70,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:70",
"translit": "^da-nun-na al-ḫul2-ḫul2-le-de3-eš",
"i18n": {
"en": "The Anuna were rejoicing (al-ḫul2-ḫul2-le-de3-eš)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"anuna-collective-of-great-gods-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾 𒀠𒇷𒉈𒌍",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 71,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:71",
"translit": "e2 ^dĝeštin-an-na-ka ^ĝišal-ĝar-surx(UZ3×BALAĜ)-ra-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "The house of Geshtin-ana resembles the al-gar-sur drumsticks —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "*al-ĝar-sur* (the *surx* sign given with the complex value UZ3×BALAĜ in the source) is an *al*-initial musical instrument — token-glossed 'drumstick' but elsewhere a stringed/percussion instrument of the gods; the exact organology is debated (Kilmer, *RlA* s.v. *Musik*). The /al/ pun has now reached the temple-music lexicon. The WoH translation transliterates with the source gloss ('the al-gar-sur drumsticks'); the lexeme is recorded in the technical-catalogue entry `al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93`.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂍 𒀭𒃾𒀭𒈾𒅗 𒃻𒊏𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 72,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:72",
"translit": "ama ^dĝeštin-an-na-ka ^ĝišal-ĝar-surx(UZ3×BALAĜ) gu3 dug3-ga-ka",
"i18n": {
"en": "the al-gar-sur drumsticks of Mother Geshtin-ana, sweet of sound."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂼 𒀭𒃾𒀭𒈾𒅗 𒃻 𒅗 𒄭𒂵𒅗",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 73,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:73",
"translit": "en-e ^ĝišal-a-ni gud-gin7 mur im-ša4",
"i18n": {
"en": "The lord bellowed at his hoe (al) like a bull."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂗𒂊 𒀀𒉌 𒄞𒁶 𒄯 𒅎𒁺",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 74,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:74",
"translit": "irigal-am3 ^ĝišal saĝ ki-a tum2-ma",
"i18n": {
"en": "As for the grave: the hoe (al) carries the head down into the earth;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "Lines 74-75 turn the hoe to death-work: the hoe that brought humankind *up* from the soil now carries the head and corpse *down* into it (*irigal* 'grave / netherworld'; *ad6* 'corpse'). ETCSL reads the paired lines as burial *and* disinterment — the hoe both buries the dead and brings them back up — and notes (in its apparatus to line 75) that this may allude to Enkidu's ghost being raised in *Gilgameš, Enkidu and the Netherworld*, where a hole is opened in the ground so Enkidu's spirit can come up to Gilgameš. The WoH translation renders the down-into-the-ground sense of both hemistichs (the principal reading); the disinterment allusion is noted here. *irigal* ('grave') is rendered with the standard 'grave' rather than 'netherworld'; the occupational/chthonic titles of the hoe in this stretch (74-80) are composition-local metaphors and are not given individual glossary entries.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀍𒀀𒀭 𒊕 𒆠𒀀 𒁺𒈠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 75,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:75",
"translit": "adx(BAD.LU2) ^ĝišal-e ki-ta tum2-ma-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "by the hoe (al) the corpse is carried down into the ground."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒁁𒇽 𒂊 𒆠𒋫 𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 76,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:76",
"translit": "šul idim an-na šeš-ban3-da ^dnergal-ka-kam",
"i18n": {
"en": "As for the mighty youth of An, the younger brother of Nergal —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂄 𒅂 𒀭𒈾 𒋀𒌉𒁕 𒀭𒊊𒀕𒃲𒅗𒄰",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 77,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:77",
"translit": "ur-saĝ ^dgilgameš2 ^ĝišal-e sa-par4-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "the hero Gilgamesh: by the hoe (al) he is a hunting-net."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌨𒊕 𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌 𒂊 𒊓𒆦𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 78,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:78",
"translit": "dumu ^dnin-sumun2-ka {() gašam} ^ĝišĝisal-e dub-saĝ-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "The {(one manuscript adds: sage)} son of Ninsumun is foremost at the oar (ĝisal)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "Two features. (1) The pun pivots from *ĝišal* ('hoe') to its near-homophone *ĝisal* ('oar') — the son of Ninsumun (Gilgamesh) is 'foremost at the oar', which ETCSL notes may allude to Gilgamesh rowing across the waters of death (the punt-poles episode of *Gilgameš* and the death-waters crossing). The oar/hoe homophony is the same /al/-family wordplay at a finer grain; the gloss 'oar (ĝisal)' keeps it visible. (2) One witness adds *gašam* ('sage / expert craftsman') as an epithet of Gilgamesh — an added word with no primary counterpart, rendered '(one manuscript adds: sage)' per the manuscript-variant convention rather than promoted into the line. Both the added epithet and the oar/hoe pun are preserved exactly as the witnesses transmit them.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌉 𒀭𒎏𒄢𒅗 𒉣𒈨𒋳 𒂊 𒁾𒊕𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 79,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:79",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e id2-da kindagal-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "By the hoe (al) he is the chief barber of the watercourses."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "Lines 79-80 cast the hoe in metaphorical *occupational* titles drawn from canal-work and temple-service: *kindagal* ('chief barber / overseer of the watercourses' — the official who keeps the canals trimmed and clear, here the dredging hoe) and *sukkal* ('minister / vizier' of the cella, line 80). The WoH translation keeps the standard renderings ('chief barber of the watercourses', 'minister'); a 'dredger / overseer' paraphrase for *kindagal* was considered but the literal 'chief barber' preserves the canal-trimming image the metaphor turns on. These are composition-local figures and carry no separate glossary entries.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒀀𒇉𒁕 𒃳𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 80,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:80",
"translit": "{dag} {() ki} agrun-na-ka ^ĝišal-e sukkal-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "In the {residence} {alternate manuscript: place} of the cella, by the hoe (al) he is the minister."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒁖 𒆠 𒂍𒉣𒈾𒅗 𒂊 𒈛𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 81,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:81",
"translit": "ḫul-ĝal2 ud nu2-a dumu ^ĝišal-me-eš",
"i18n": {
"en": "The evil ones who lie about in the daylight are sons of the hoe (al);"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "An opaque couplet (81-82). *ḫul-ĝal2* ('the evil / malevolent ones') 'who lie about in the daylight' are called 'sons of the hoe', 'born from heaven after sleep had been spoken of' (*u4-sa2 dug4-ga-ta an-ta u3-tud*). The syntax of 'sleep having been spoken' is uncertain and the sense is genuinely obscure; ETCSL smooths to 'born in sleep from heaven'. The WoH translation keeps a literal-as-possible rendering and flags the obscurity here rather than resolving it. *ḫul-ĝal2* ('evil beings') and *u4-sa2 / u3-sa2* ('sleep') are composition-local and uncertain; no glossary entry is asserted for a passage this insecure. This couplet is escalated to the Reviewer in the editor report as an open crux.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒅅 𒌓 𒈿𒀀 𒌉 𒈨𒌍",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 82,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:82",
"translit": "u4-sa2 dug4-ga-ta an-ta u3-tud-de3-eš",
"i18n": {
"en": "born from heaven after sleep had been spoken of."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌓𒁲 𒅗𒂵𒋫 𒀭𒋫 𒅇𒌅𒉈𒌍",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 83,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:83",
"translit": "an-še3 al-ti-ri2-gu7 mušen diĝir-ra-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "In heaven there is the al-tirigu bird, the bird of the god;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"digir-sumerian-divine-lexeme-cross-corpus",
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "From here the hymn closes with an encyclopedic catalogue of *al*-initial or hoe-adjacent technical nouns, the paronomasia spilling from the verb-system into the lexicon (`al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93`): in heaven the *al-ti-ri2-gu7* bird (83, glossed 'wren?'); on the battlefield the *dur10-al-lub* battle-axe (85); at the wall the *al-lu5-ḫab2* battle-net (86); the *ma-al-tum* bowl (87), *ma-a-a-al-tum* sledge (88), *ar-gibil2* rack (89); on the hill-country the *al-la-nu-um* oak (91), *ar-ga-nu-um* balm (92), *algameš* stone (93). Several are *al*-initial by accident of phonology — which is the point: the scribe is combing the lexicon for the hoe-syllable. The ETCSL token-glosses themselves hedge ('wren?', 'type of net', 'type of bowl', etc.); the WoH translation transliterates each with the best available gloss and flags the identifications as provisional (claim_type *inferred* on the catalogue entry). The eleven lexemes are bundled into one entry because they share a single rendering-decision and none recurs across the corpus.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒂠 𒀠𒋾𒌷𒅥 𒄷 𒀭𒊏𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 84,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:84",
"translit": "ki-še3 ^ĝišal-am3 ĝiš-gi-a ur-ra tir-ra ušumgal-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "on earth there is the hoe (al): a dog in the reedbeds, a dragon in the forest."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠𒂠 𒀀𒀭 𒄑𒄀𒀀 𒌨𒊏 𒌁𒊏 𒃲𒁔𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 85,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:85",
"translit": "ki me3-ka dur10-al-lub-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "On the field of battle there is the dur-allub battle-axe."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠 𒀞𒅗 𒊿𒀠𒈜𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 86,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:86",
"translit": "ki bad3-ka ^ĝišal-lu5-ḫab2-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "By the city wall there is the al-luhab battle-net."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠 𒂦𒅗 𒈜𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 87,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:87",
"translit": "ki ^ĝišbanšur-ra ^ĝišma-al-tum-ma",
"i18n": {
"en": "On the offering-table there is the maltum bowl."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠 𒊏 𒀠𒌈𒈠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 88,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:88",
"translit": "ki ^ĝišgigir-ka ^ĝišma-a-a-al-tum-ma",
"i18n": {
"en": "In the chariot-shed there is the mayaltum sledge."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒆠 𒅗 𒀀𒀀𒀠𒌈𒈠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 89,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:89",
"translit": "e2 anše-ka ^ĝišar-gibil2-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "In the donkey-stable there is the argibil rack."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂍 𒀲𒅗 𒋙𒀾𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 90,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:90",
"translit": "^ĝišal-am3 mu-bi dug3-ga ḫur-saĝ-ĝa2 mu-un-ĝal2",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) — sweet is its name — is present too on the hill-country:"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀀𒀭 𒈬𒁉 𒄭𒂵 𒊕𒂷 𒈬𒌦𒅅",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 91,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:91",
"translit": "ĝiš ḫur-saĝ-ĝa2 ^ĝišal-la-nu-um-ma",
"i18n": {
"en": "the tree of the hill-country is the allanum oak;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒄑 𒊕𒂷 𒆷𒉡𒌝𒈠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 92,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:92",
"translit": "šim ḫur-saĝ-ĝa2 ^ĝišar-ga-nu-um-ma",
"i18n": {
"en": "the fragrance of the hill-country is the arganum balm;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒋆 𒊕𒂷 𒂵𒉡𒌝𒈠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 93,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:93",
"translit": "na4 ḫur-saĝ-ĝa2 ^na4algameš-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "the stone of the hill-country is the algamesh stone."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-initial-technical-noun-catalogue-vv83-93"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒎎 𒊕𒂷 𒎎𒌓𒊩𒄸𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 94,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:94",
"translit": "^ĝišal lum-lum-ma ^ĝišal lam-lam-ma",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) makes things thrive (lum-lum-ma); the hoe (al) makes things flourish (lam-lam-ma)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒈝𒈝𒈠 𒇴𒇴𒈠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 95,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:95",
"translit": "^ĝišal še dug3-ga ^ĝišal {sa-par4-am3} {() /šabra\\-[…]}",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) is good barley; the hoe (al) is {a hunting-net} {alternate manuscript: an overseer […]}."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"manuscript-variant-inline-rendering-convention",
"lacuna-bracket-convention-sumerian-mesopotamian-project-standard"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The second hemistich is a *damaged* variant: the principal witness has *sa-par4-am3* ('a hunting-net'); a damaged witness has *šabra-[…]* ('an overseer …'), where the source preserves both the /…\\ damage-marker and the […] lacuna. Both the manuscript-variant and the lacuna/damage conventions apply: the WoH translation leads with the principal 'a hunting-net' and renders the partially-readable variant '{alternate manuscript: an overseer […]}', keeping the gap visible rather than reconstructing it. The variant is only partially legible and is flagged in the editor report.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒊺 𒄭𒂵 𒊓𒆦𒀀𒀭 𒉺𒀠",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 96,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:96",
"translit": "^ĝišal u3-šub-ba ^ĝišal saĝ ĝal2-la-am3",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) is the brick-mould; the hoe (al) is what made mankind exist."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype",
"al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The hymn's climactic restatement of the human-creation crux of line 19, now as bald identity: *^ĝišal u3-šub-ba* — 'the hoe IS the brick-mould' — and *^ĝišal saĝ ĝal2-la-am3* — 'the hoe is what made the head / the first (of mankind) exist'. The tool that digs, builds, and wages war is here identified outright with the *u3-šub* matrix in which humankind was cast (`sag-namluulu-ushub-brick-mould-human-prototype`; `al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme`). *saĝ* again carries the 'first / foremost specimen' sense (cf. lines 18A, 19). This line is the explicit lexical warrant for reading line 19's *u3-šub* as the human-creation mould rather than a mere building-tool: the hymn itself equates hoe, brick-mould, and the bringing-into-existence of mankind. The cross-corpus clay-creation comparanda (Enki and Ninmah; Atraḫasīs I; Genesis 2:7) are documented at line 19 and held to the apparatus.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒅇𒊒𒁀 𒊕 𒅅𒆷𒀀𒀭",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 97,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:97",
"translit": "^ĝišal-am3 a2 nam-ĝuruš-a-kam",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) is the strength of young manhood."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀀𒀭 𒀉 𒉆𒄨𒀀𒄰",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 98,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:98",
"translit": "^ĝišal ^ĝišdusu niĝ2 iri du3-du3-dam",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) and the carrying-basket are the tools for building cities."
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒃻 𒌷 𒆕𒆕𒁮",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 99,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:99",
"translit": "e2 zid al-du3-e gana2 zid al-ĝa2-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "It builds (al-du3-e) the rightful house; it lays out (al-ĝa2-ĝa2) the rightful field."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂍 𒍣 𒀠𒆕𒂊 𒃷 𒍣 𒀠𒂷𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 100,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:100",
"translit": "gan2-ne2 zid-de3 šu daĝal-la-me-en",
"i18n": {
"en": "It is you, hoe, who broaden the rightful field!"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒃷𒉌 𒍣𒉈 𒋗 𒂼𒆷𒈨𒂗",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 101,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:101",
"translit": "gan2-ne2 lugal-bi-ir bal-e",
"i18n": {
"en": "As for the field that rebels against its owner,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒃷𒉌 𒈗𒁉𒅕 𒁄𒂊",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 102,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:102",
"translit": "gan2-ne2 lugal-bi-ir gu2 nu-ĝar-ra-e",
"i18n": {
"en": "the field that will not bow its neck to its owner,"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒃷𒉌 𒈗𒁉𒅕 𒄘 𒉡𒃻𒊏𒂊",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 103,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:103",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e lugal-bi-ir gu2 mu-na-ab-ĝa2-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "the hoe (al) makes that field bend its neck to its owner."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒈗𒁉𒅕 𒄘 𒈬𒈾𒀊𒂷𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 104,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:104",
"translit": "^u2numun2 ḫul ^u2numun2 ḫul-e saĝ dub2-dub2-be2",
"i18n": {
"en": "It makes the heads of the vile esparto-grass, the vile esparto-grass, tremble;"
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": " 𒂊 𒊕 𒂀𒂀𒁉",
"cuneiform_confidence": "low"
},
{
"n": 105,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:105",
"translit": "ur2-ba mu-un-bur12-re pa-bi mu-un-ze2-e",
"i18n": {
"en": "it tears them out by their roots and rips away their stalks."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒌫𒁀 𒈬𒌦𒁍𒊑 𒉺𒁉 𒈬𒌦𒍢𒂊",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
},
{
"n": 106,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:106",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e ^u2ḫirin^ḫu-ri2-in šu-še3 al-ĝa2-ĝa2",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al) also brings the hirin-weed to hand (al-ĝa2-ĝa2)."
},
"glossaryRefs": [],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒌷𒅔 𒋗𒂠 𒀠𒂷𒂷",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 107,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:107",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e ĝiš nam tar-ra a-a ^den-lil2-la2",
"i18n": {
"en": "The hoe (al), the implement whose destiny Father Enlil decreed —"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"an-enlil-nudimmud-cosmic-triad-cross-corpus",
"nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus",
"al-gishal-hoe-mattock-brick-mould-lexeme"
],
"notes": {
"official": "The doxological close (107-109). The hoe is named one last time as 'the implement whose destiny (*nam ... tar*) Father Enlil decreed' — closing the inclusio with line 16 (Enlil reckoning up the hoe and decreeing its destiny) and the *nam tar* idiom that runs through the hymn (`nam-sumerian-destiny-fate-cross-corpus`). The final line is the *za3-mi2* colophon — 'Nisaba be praised!' — the standard doxological sign-off of Sumerian compositions (governed centrally by `za-mi-doxological-praise-formula-sumerian-cross-corpus`), here naming Nisaba, goddess of scribes and the record-keeper installed back at line 33. The hymn that began by sundering heaven and earth ends by praising the patron of writing.",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒄑 𒉆 𒋻𒊏 𒀀𒀀 𒀭𒂗𒆤𒇲",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 108,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:108",
"translit": "^ĝišal-e za3-mi2 dug4-ga",
"i18n": {
"en": "the celebrated hoe (al) be praised (za3-mi2)!"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"za-mi-doxological-praise-formula-sumerian-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒂊 𒍠𒊩 𒅗𒂵",
"cuneiform_confidence": "partial"
},
{
"n": 109,
"refId": "SOTH-WOH-1:109",
"translit": "^dnisaba za3-mi2",
"i18n": {
"en": "Nisaba be praised (za3-mi2)!"
},
"glossaryRefs": [
"dingir-prefix-prose-drop-convention",
"sumerian-proper-name-transliteration-convention",
"za-mi-doxological-praise-formula-sumerian-cross-corpus"
],
"notes": {
"official": "",
"community": []
},
"cuneiform": "𒀭𒊺𒉀 𒍠𒊩",
"cuneiform_confidence": "full"
}
],
"paragraphs": [
]
},
"links": {
"self": "/v1/library/books/song-of-the-hoe-woh/chapters/1",
"book": "/v1/library/books/song-of-the-hoe-woh/",
"chapters": "/v1/library/books/song-of-the-hoe-woh/chapters/",
"library": "/v1/library/",
"schema": "/v1/schema/book/"
}
}