{
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "kind": "Translation",
  "metadata": {
    "generated": "2026-08-22T14:14:13Z",
    "language": "en",
    "schemaUrl": "/v1/schema/translation/"
  },
  "data": {
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "chapterCount": 47,
  "chapterFiles": [
    {
      "file": "chapter-1.json",
      "n": 1,
      "paragraphs": 9,
      "title": "1 Enoch 1"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-2.json",
      "n": 2,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 2"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-3.json",
      "n": 3,
      "paragraphs": 1,
      "title": "1 Enoch 3"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-4.json",
      "n": 4,
      "paragraphs": 1,
      "title": "1 Enoch 4"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-5.json",
      "n": 5,
      "paragraphs": 9,
      "title": "1 Enoch 5"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-6.json",
      "n": 6,
      "paragraphs": 8,
      "title": "1 Enoch 6"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-7.json",
      "n": 7,
      "paragraphs": 6,
      "title": "1 Enoch 7"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-8.json",
      "n": 8,
      "paragraphs": 4,
      "title": "1 Enoch 8"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-9.json",
      "n": 9,
      "paragraphs": 11,
      "title": "1 Enoch 9"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-10.json",
      "n": 10,
      "paragraphs": 22,
      "title": "1 Enoch 10"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-11.json",
      "n": 11,
      "paragraphs": 2,
      "title": "1 Enoch 11"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-12.json",
      "n": 12,
      "paragraphs": 6,
      "title": "1 Enoch 12"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-13.json",
      "n": 13,
      "paragraphs": 10,
      "title": "1 Enoch 13"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-14.json",
      "n": 14,
      "paragraphs": 25,
      "title": "1 Enoch 14"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-15.json",
      "n": 15,
      "paragraphs": 12,
      "title": "1 Enoch 15"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-16.json",
      "n": 16,
      "paragraphs": 4,
      "title": "1 Enoch 16"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-17.json",
      "n": 17,
      "paragraphs": 8,
      "title": "1 Enoch 17"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-18.json",
      "n": 18,
      "paragraphs": 16,
      "title": "1 Enoch 18"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-19.json",
      "n": 19,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 19"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-20.json",
      "n": 20,
      "paragraphs": 8,
      "title": "1 Enoch 20"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-21.json",
      "n": 21,
      "paragraphs": 10,
      "title": "1 Enoch 21"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-22.json",
      "n": 22,
      "paragraphs": 14,
      "title": "1 Enoch 22"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-23.json",
      "n": 23,
      "paragraphs": 4,
      "title": "1 Enoch 23"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-24.json",
      "n": 24,
      "paragraphs": 6,
      "title": "1 Enoch 24"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-25.json",
      "n": 25,
      "paragraphs": 7,
      "title": "1 Enoch 25"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-26.json",
      "n": 26,
      "paragraphs": 6,
      "title": "1 Enoch 26"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-27.json",
      "n": 27,
      "paragraphs": 5,
      "title": "1 Enoch 27"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-28.json",
      "n": 28,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 28"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-29.json",
      "n": 29,
      "paragraphs": 2,
      "title": "1 Enoch 29"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-30.json",
      "n": 30,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 30"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-31.json",
      "n": 31,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 31"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-32.json",
      "n": 32,
      "paragraphs": 6,
      "title": "1 Enoch 32"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-33.json",
      "n": 33,
      "paragraphs": 4,
      "title": "1 Enoch 33"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-34.json",
      "n": 34,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 34"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-35.json",
      "n": 35,
      "paragraphs": 1,
      "title": "1 Enoch 35"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-36.json",
      "n": 36,
      "paragraphs": 3,
      "title": "1 Enoch 36"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-72.json",
      "n": 72,
      "paragraphs": 37,
      "title": "1 Enoch 72"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-73.json",
      "n": 73,
      "paragraphs": 8,
      "title": "1 Enoch 73"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-74.json",
      "n": 74,
      "paragraphs": 17,
      "title": "1 Enoch 74"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-75.json",
      "n": 75,
      "paragraphs": 9,
      "title": "1 Enoch 75"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-76.json",
      "n": 76,
      "paragraphs": 14,
      "title": "1 Enoch 76"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-77.json",
      "n": 77,
      "paragraphs": 9,
      "title": "1 Enoch 77"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-78.json",
      "n": 78,
      "paragraphs": 17,
      "title": "1 Enoch 78"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-79.json",
      "n": 79,
      "paragraphs": 6,
      "title": "1 Enoch 79"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-80.json",
      "n": 80,
      "paragraphs": 8,
      "title": "1 Enoch 80"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-81.json",
      "n": 81,
      "paragraphs": 10,
      "title": "1 Enoch 81"
    },
    {
      "file": "chapter-82.json",
      "n": 82,
      "paragraphs": 20,
      "title": "1 Enoch 82"
    }
  ],
  "paragraphCount": 403,
  "publicationYear": 2026,
  "revision": 6,
  "versionLicense": "CC0-1.0",
  "priority": 5,
  "wohCurated": true,
  "verificationStatus": "human-signed-off-2026-06-05",
  "updated": "2026-06-05T00:00:00+00:00",
  "versionSource": "Best-effort reconstruction with per-verse layered witness attribution. Ship A (chs 1-36, Book of the Watchers): Aramaic DSS 4Q201/4Q202/4Q204/4Q205/4Q206/4Q207 (late 3rd c. BCE - 1st c. BCE) PRIMARY where preserved; Greek Akhmim Panopolitanus (6th c. CE) SECONDARY (covers chs 1-32); Ge'ez (medieval) TERTIARY/fallback. Ship B (chs 72-82, Astronomical Book / Sefer ha-Mazzalot): Aramaic DSS 4Q208/4Q209/4Q210/4Q211 (4Q208 is the OLDEST surviving Enoch material overall, late 3rd c. BCE) PRIMARY where preserved; Ge'ez fallback. No Greek witness for chs 72-82.",
  "code": "ENO-WOH",
  "slug": "book-of-enoch-woh",
  "refId": "ENO-WOH",
  "primaryLang": "arc",
  "originalLang": "arc",
  "fallbackLangs": [
    "grc",
    "gez"
  ],
  "schema": [
    "book",
    "chapters",
    "verses"
  ],
  "schemaLabels": {
    "en": [
      "Book",
      "Chapter",
      "Verse"
    ]
  },
  "titles": {
    "en": "1 Enoch (Ethiopic Enoch)",
    "de": "1 Henoch (Äthiopischer Henoch)",
    "es": "1 Enoc",
    "fr": "1 Hénoch",
    "ja": "エチオピア・エノク書",
    "ko": "에티오피아 에녹서",
    "ru": "Книга Еноха (Эфиопский Енох)",
    "zh": "以诺一书",
    "zh-Hant": "以諾一書",
    "gez": "መጽሐፈ ሄኖክ",
    "arc": "ספר חנוך",
    "grc": "ΕΝΩΧ"
  },
  "versionTitles": {
    "en": "Wheel of Heaven Translation"
  },
  "shortVersionTitles": {
    "en": "WoH, 2026"
  },
  "version": {
    "schemaVersion": 1,
    "title": "Wheel of Heaven Translation",
    "shortTitle": "WoH, 2026",
    "type": "curated-translation",
    "language": "en",
    "sourceLanguage": "arc",
    "refSystem": "chapter-verse",
    "scope": "1 Enoch 1-36 and 72-82",
    "license": {
      "status": "project-cc0",
      "spdx": "CC0-1.0",
      "url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"
    },
    "provenance": {
      "sourceRecordId": "book-of-enoch",
      "baseText": "Layered Aramaic, Greek, and Ge'ez witness reconstruction",
      "method": "Best-effort reconstruction with per-verse layered witness attribution.",
      "citation": "See sourceCitation for bibliography.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "role": "primary",
          "language": "arc",
          "label": "Aramaic Dead Sea Scrolls fragments"
        },
        {
          "role": "secondary",
          "language": "grc",
          "label": "Greek Akhmim Panopolitanus witness where extant"
        },
        {
          "role": "fallback",
          "language": "gez",
          "label": "Ge'ez Ethiopic witness"
        }
      ]
    },
    "responsibility": {
      "translator": "Wheel of Heaven",
      "reviewer": "zarazinsfuss"
    }
  },
  "sourceCitation": "Milik, J. T., The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 (Oxford 1976) — THE foundational publication of the DSS Aramaic Enoch fragments. Black, M., The Book of Enoch or 1 Enoch: A New English Edition (SVTP 7, Leiden 1985) — Greek + scholarly commentary. Nickelsburg, G. W. E., 1 Enoch 1: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch, Chapters 1-36, 81-108 (Hermeneia, Minneapolis 2001). Stuckenbruck, L. T., 1 Enoch 91-108 (Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature, Berlin 2007). Charles, R. H., The Book of Enoch or 1 Enoch (Oxford 1912; Public Domain) — the classic Ge'ez critical edition. Tigchelaar, E. J. C., and García Martínez, F., DJD XXXVI: Qumran Cave 4 / XXVI (Oxford 2000). VanderKam, J. C., Enoch and the Growth of an Apocalyptic Tradition (CBQMS 16, Washington 1984). Reed, A. Y., Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity (Cambridge 2005). Knibb, M. A., The Ethiopic Book of Enoch (Oxford 1978) — Ge'ez text + English translation; the scholarly-standard Ge'ez edition.",
  "subtitles": {
    "en": "Ships A+B: Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36) + Astronomical Book (1 Enoch 72-82) — 47 chapters / 403 verses across two compositions"
  },
  "descriptions": {
    "en": "An English translation of 1 Enoch chapters 1-36 — the Book of the Watchers — produced from a per-verse layered witness reconstruction: Aramaic Dead Sea Scrolls fragments (4Q201/4Q202/4Q204/4Q205/4Q206/4Q207; the OLDEST surviving Enoch material, late 3rd c. BCE through 1st c. BCE) as the primary witness where preserved; Greek Akhmim Panopolitanus codex (6th c. CE; chs 1-32 substantially complete) as the secondary witness; Ge'ez (Ethiopic) as the tertiary witness and fallback for what neither Aramaic nor Greek preserves. The Ge'ez is the only complete witness to 1 Enoch but is the most-removed-in-time and -language from the original Aramaic composition.\n\nThe Raëlian canon (per Yes... I am Raelian commentary) names 1 Enoch among the texts 'closer to the truth' — alongside the Mahābhārata, Kojiki, Popol Vuh, and the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Watchers myth (chs 6-11) — the 200 fallen angelic 'Watchers' descending to take human wives + Asael (later Azazel) teaching humanity metallurgy, weapons-craft, cosmetics, magic, and astronomical-divination — is the canon's central interest. The text expands Genesis 6:1-4 (the bnei elohim + Nephilim notice) into a fully-developed mythological narrative.\n\nShip A scope: 36 chapters / Book of the Watchers. Ship B (chs 72-82 Astronomical Book) follows as a separate ship — the Aramaic DSS Astronomical Book (4Q208-4Q212; late 3rd c. BCE — the OLDEST Enoch fragments overall) is significantly longer than the Ge'ez recension, with much astronomical detail abbreviated in the Ge'ez transmission.\n\nThe text was canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (where it remains in the canon today) and the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) tradition. It is quoted explicitly in the New Testament (Jude 14-15 quotes 1 Enoch 1:9 + Jude 6 + 2 Peter 2:4 allude to the Watchers narrative) and was widely cited by 2nd-c. Church Fathers (Tertullian, Athenagoras, Justin Martyr) before falling out of Western and Eastern Orthodox + Roman Catholic canons in the 4th c. CE.\n\nCross-corpus density: extremely high. Cross-corpus to Genesis 6:1-4 bnei elohim; Jude 14-15 + Jude 6 + 2 Peter 2:4 (NT citations); Shi'ur Qomah + Hekhalot Rabbati throne-vision tradition; Ezekiel 1 + Daniel 7 + Revelation 4 throne-vision chain; the Watchers tradition in Jubilees + the Testament of Reuben + Origen + Augustine; the apkallū / Seven Sages Mesopotamian antediluvian-sages tradition (cross-corpus to Adapa + Gilgamesh XI L308)."
  },
  "lastUpdated": "2026-06-05",
  "reviewer": "zarazinsfuss"
},
  "links": {
    "self": "/v1/translations/book-of-enoch-woh/",
    "library": "/v1/library/books/book-of-enoch-woh/",
    "canonical_html": "https://www.wheelofheaven.world/library/book-of-enoch-woh/",
    "index": "/v1/translations/",
    "schema": "/v1/schema/translation/",
    "glossary": "/v1/glossary/"
  }
}